Guidelines for the Technical Examination of Bronze Sculpture

One overall bibliography serves as reference for all sections of the Guidelines and is unique in its diversity, as it draws on the expertise of an interdisciplinary cast of contributing members. Yet while many of the key publications on bronze casting and related disciplines have been included, the bibliography does not pretend to cover every publication about this expansive field. The bulk of the publications cited are in English and French, reflecting the makeup of the primary organizers of the publication, but every effort has been made to incorporate important works in other languages.

Adamski, Pernot, and Bouet 2020: Adamski, F., M. Pernot, and A. Bouet. 2020. “Étude de la pratique de réparation des grands bronzes à partir d’un stock de métal cuivreux.” In Barzan IV, L’entrepôt de La Palisse à Barzan (Charente-Maritime), port des Santons, et les entrepôts urbains et périurbains dans les provinces Gauloises, edited by Alain Bouet, 419–25. Bordeaux, France: Ausonius.

Adil and DePhillips 1991: Adil, Carol P., and Henry A. DePhillips. 1991. Paul Wayland Bartlett and the Art of Patination. Wethersfield, CT: Paul Wayland Bartlett Society.

Agricola [1556] 1950: Agricola, Georgius. (1556) 1950. De re metallica libri XII. Translated and edited by Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover, 1912. New York: Dover.

Aitken 1985: Aitken, M. J. 1985. Thermoluminescence Dating. Orlando: Academic Press.

Aitken 1998: Aitken, M. J. 1998. An Introduction to Optical Dating: The Dating of Quaternary Sediments by the Use of Photon-Stimulated Luminescence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Alberghina et al. 2011: Alberghina, M. F., R. Barraco, M. Brai, T. Schillaci, and L. Tranchina. 2011. “Comparison of LIBS and μ-XRF Measurements on Bronze Alloys for Monitoring Plasma Effects.” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 275 (January): 012017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/275/1/012017.

Alessandri et al. 2013: Alessandri, O. Colacicchi, M. Ferretti, and Edilberto Formigli. 2013. “L’occhio pesto del pugile. Indagini archaeometriche sulla statua in bronzo del Museo Nazionale Romano.” In Colore e Luce Nella Statuaria Antica in Bronzo, edited by Edilberto Formigli, 25–31. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.

Allen et al. 2022: Allen, Denise, Linda Borsch, James David Draper, Jeffrey Fraiman, and Richard E. Stone, eds. 2022. Italian Renaissance and Baroque Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Italian_Renaissance_and_Baroque_Bronzes_in_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.

Allison 1993: Allison, Ann Hersey. 1993. “The Bronzes of Pier Jacopo Alari-Bonacolsi, Called Antico.” Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen in Wien 89/90:35–310.

Alscher 1987: Alscher, Ludger, ed. 1987. Lexikon der Kunst: Architektur, Bildende Kunst, Angewandte Kunst, Industrieformgestaltung, Kunsttheorie. Vol. 1. Leipzig, Germany: E. A. Seemann.

American Foundrymen’s Society 1984: American Foundrymen’s Society (AFS), ed. 1984. Casting Copper-Base Alloys. 3rd ed. Des Plaines, IL: AFS.

American Foundry Society (AFS) n.d.: American Foundry Society (AFS). n.d. “Glossary of Metalcasting Terms.” American Foundry Society. Accessed April 12, 2021. https://www.afsinc.org/metalcasting-terms.

Ammen 1980: Ammen, Charles William. 1980. The Metalcaster’s Bible. New York: McGraw-Hill and TAB Books.

Andrieu et al. 2000: Andrieu, Sandra, Bernard Bayle, Michel Pernot, and Jean-Marie Welter. 2000. “Influence de diverses inclusions sur le comportement d’un bronze CuSn9 sous différentes sollicitations mécaniques.” Revue de Métallurgie 97 (5): 599–612. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/200097050599.

Anguisola 2018: Anguisola, Anna. 2018. Supports in Roman Marble Sculpture: Workshop Practice and Modes of Viewing. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Anheuser 1997: Anheuser, Kilian. 1997. “The Practice and Characterization of Historic Fire Gilding Techniques.” JOM: Journal of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 49 (11): 58–62.

Anheuser 1999: Anheuser, Kilian. 1999. Im Feuer vergoldet: Geschichte und Technik der Feuervergoldung und der Amalgamversilberung. AdR-Schriftenreihe zur Restaurierung und Grabungstechnik 4. Stuttgart, Germany: Theiss.

Arias 2012: Arias, Elena. 2012. “Esculturas de Leone y Pompeo Leoni: Técnicas escultóricas sobre metal.” In Leone & Pompeo Leoni: actas del Congreso Internacional = Proceedings of the International Symposium: Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, octubre de 2011, edited by Stephan F. Schröder, 160–72. Madrid: Museo Nacional del Prado.

Armbruster 1993: Armbruster, Barbara. 1993. “A Study on Lost Wax Casting Processes in Mali and Burkina-Faso in Western Africa.” In Antiche officine del bronzo: Materiali, strumenti, tecniche: atti del seminario di studi ed esperimenti, Murlo, 26–31 luglio 1991, edited by Edilberto Formigli, 153–64. Siena, Italy: Nuova Immagine.

Arminjon and Bilimoff 1998: Arminjon, Catherine, and Michèle Bilimoff. 1998. L’art du métal. Vocabulaire technique. Paris: Editions du patrimoine.

Arteaga et al. 2021: Arteaga, Yoko, Clotilde Boust, Angèle Dequier, and Jon Yngve Hardeberg. 2021. “Image-Based Goniometric Appearance Characterisation of Bronze Patinas.” Color and Imaging Conference 29 (1): 294–99. https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-2629.2021.29.294.

Arteaga et al. 2022: Arteaga, Yoko, Diane Marchioni, Stephanie Courtier, Clotilde Boust, and Jon Y. Hardeberg. 2022. “Appearance-Based Evaluation of Varnish Removal Methods in Gilded Surfaces.” Preprint. In Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1933665/v1.

Artioli 2010: Artioli, Gilberto. 2010. Scientific Methods and Cultural Heritage: An Introduction to the Application of Materials Science to Archaeometry and Conservation Science. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Artioli et al. 2003: Artioli, G., M. Dugnani, T. Hansen, L. Lutterotti, A. Pedrotti, and G. Sperl. 2003. “Crystallographic Texture Analysis of the Iceman and Coeval Copper Axes by Non-Invasive Neutron Powder Diffraction.” In La mummia dell’età del rame. 2. Nuove ricerche sull’uomo venuto dal ghiaccio, edited by A. Fleckinger, 9–22. Bolzano, Italy: Folio Verlag.

Artioli et al. 2020: Artioli, G., C. Canovaro, P. Nimis, and I. Angelini. 2020. “LIA of Prehistoric Metals in the Central Mediterranean Area: A Review.” Archaeometry 62 (S1): 53–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12542.

Ashley-Smith 1977: Ashley-Smith, Jonathan. 1977. “The Scientific Examination of Small Bronzes.” The Conservator 1:57.

Association Technique de Fonderie, Commission Ingénieurs et Techniciens 1979: Association Technique de Fonderie, Commission Ingénieurs et Techniciens. 1979. Dictionnaire idéologique de fonderie / Indexed Foundry Dictionary / Systematisches Giessereiwörterbuch. Meudon: Techniques des industries de la Fonderie.

Aucouturier 2007: Aucouturier, Marc. 2007. “Patinage et patines.” Techniques de l’ingénieur.

Aucouturier and Darque-Ceretti 2015: Aucouturier, Marc, and Evelyne Darque-Ceretti. 2015. “Materials Surface Science Applied to the Investigation of Cultural Heritage Artefacts.” Procedia Materials Science, International Congress of Science and Technology of Metallurgy and Materials, SAM – CONAMET 2014, 9 (Supplement C): 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2015.04.005.

Aucouturier et al. 2003: Aucouturier, Marc, Michel Keddam, Luc Robbiola, and Hisasi Takenouti. 2003. “Les patines des alliages de cuivre: Processus naturel ou œuvre de l’homme?.” Techné 18:86–94.

Aucouturier, Mathis, and Robcis 2017: Aucouturier, Marc, François Mathis, and Dominique Robcis. 2017. “Les bronzes noirs antiques – nouvelles observations et mécanismes de création.” Techné 45:114–23.

Avery 2011: Avery, Victoria. Vulcan’s Forge in Venus’ City: The Story of Bronze in Venice 1350–1650. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Avery 2018: Avery, Victoria, ed. 2018. Michelangelo: Sculptor in Bronze : The Rothschild Bronzes. London: Philip Wilson Publishers.

Azéma 2013: Azéma, Aurélia. 2013. “Les techniques de soudage de la grande statuaire antique en bronze: etude des paramètres thermiques et chimiques contrôlant le soudage par fusion au bronze liquide.” PhD diss., Pierre et Marie-Curie, Paris VI. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00918829.

Azéma and Mille 2013a: Azéma, Aurélia, and Benoît Mille. 2013a. “Etude archéométallurgique du dépôt de grands bronzes du sanctuaire gallo-romain du Vieil-Évreux (Eure).” In Grands dieux! Chefs-d’œuvre de la statuaire antique, edited by François Bridey, 11–17. Évreux, France: Musée d’Art, Histoire et Archéologie.

Azéma and Mille 2013b: Azéma, Aurélia, and Benoît Mille. 2013b. “Un point sur la technique de fabrication des grands bronzes antiques.” L’actualité chimique 377:43–44.

Azéma, Descamps-Lequime, and Mille 2018: Azéma, Aurélia, Sophie Descamps-Lequime, and Benoît Mille. 2018. “Fragment de doigt colossal et Main colossale.” In Un rêve d’Italie: la collection du marquis Campana, edited by Françoise Gaultier, Laurent Haumesser, and Anna Trofimova, 43–44. Paris: LienArt.

Azéma et al. 2011: Azéma, A., Benoît Mille, Patrick Echegut, and Domingos de Sousa Meneses. 2011. “An Experimental Study of the Welding Techniques Used on Large Greek and Roman Bronze Statues.” Historical Metallurgy 45:71–80.

Azéma et al. 2012: Azéma, Aurélia, Benoît Mille, Fabien Pilon, Jean-Claude Birolleau, and Laurent Guyard. 2012. “Étude archéométallurgique du dépôt de grands bronzes du sanctuaire gallo-romain du Vieil-Evreux (Eure).” ArcheoSciences. Revue d’archéométrie, no. 36, 153–73. https://doi.org/10.4000/archeosciences.3670.

Azéma et al. 2013: Azéma, Aurélia, Florent Angelini, Benoît Mille, Gaëlle Framezelle, and Daniel Chauveau. 2013. “Ultrasonic Phased Array Contribution to the Knowledge of the Flow Fusion Welding Process Used to Make the Roman Large Bronze Statues.” Welding in the World 57 (4): 477–86.

Azéma et al. 2017: Azéma, Aurélia, Daniel Chauveau, Gaëlle Porot, Florent Angelini, and Benoît Mille. 2017. “Pour une meilleure compréhension du procédé de soudage de la grande statuaire antique en bronze: Analyses et modélisation expérimentale.” Techné 45:73–83.

Baca 2008: Baca, Murtha, ed. 2008. Introduction to Metadata. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute.

Baca 2016: Baca, Murtha. 2016. “Introduction to Metadata.” InteractiveResource. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. http://www.getty.edu/publications/intrometadata.

Bader and Théret 1961: Bader, O., and M. Théret. 1961. Dictionnaire de métallurgie. Paris: Eyrolles.

Bagley 1987: Bagley, R. W. 1987. Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Baglione 1642: Baglione, Giovanni. 1642. Le vite de’ pittori scultori et architetti. Dal pontificato di Gregorio XIII del 1572 in fino a’tempi di Papa Urbano Ottavo nel 1642. Rome: Nella stamperia d’Andrea Fei. https://archive.org/details/gri_vitedepittor00bagl.

Baldwin et al. 2013: Baldwin, David, John Birkett, Owen Facey, and Gilleon Rabey. 2013. The Forensic Examination and Interpretation of Tool Marks. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

Barbour and Glinsman 2015: Barbour Daphne and Lisha Deming Glinsman. 2015. “Auguste Rodin’s Lifetime Bronze Sculptures in the Simpson Collection.” In Facture: Conservation, Science, Art History, edited by Daphne Barbour and E. Melanie Gifford, 2, Art in Context: 54–81. Washington, D.C and New Haven: National Gallery of Art distributed by Yale University Press.

Barbour and Sturman 2017: Barbour, Daphne, and Shelley Sturman. 2017. “Casting Degas’s Sculptures into Bronze: A Closer Look.” Facture: Conservation, Science, Art History 3:78–111.

Barnet and Dandridge 2006: Barnet, Peter, and Pete Dandridge, eds. 2006. Lions, Dragons, and Other Beasts: Aquamanilia of the Middle Ages, Vessels for Church and Table. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Baruffetti, De Marchi, and Ciatti 2021: Baruffetti, Maria, Andrea De Marchi, and Marco Ciatti. 2021. “Per un glossario interdisciplinare rivolto alla conservazione della scultura in bronzo.” PhD diss., Università degli Studi di Firenze.

Bassett 2008: Bassett, Jane. 2008. The Craftsman Revealed: Adriaen de Vries, Sculptor in Bronze. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. https://www.getty.edu/publications/virtuallibrary/9780892369195.html.

Bassett and Bewer 2014: Bassett, Jane, and Francesca G. Bewer. 2014. “The Cut-Back Core Process in Late 17th- and 18th-Century French Bronzes.” In French Bronze Sculpture: Materials and Techniques 16th–18th Century, edited by David Bourgarit, Jane Bassett, Francesca G. Bewer, Geneviève Bresc-Bautier, Philippe Malgouyres, and Guilhem Scherf, 205–14. Paris: Archetype.

Bassett and Fogelman 1997: Bassett, Jane, and Peggy Fogelman. 1997. Looking at European Sculpture: A Guide to Technical Terms. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum in collaboration with the Victoria and Albert Museum.

Bassett and Scherf 2014: Bassett, Jane, and Guilhem Scherf. 2014. “Jean-Antoine Houdon: Sculptor and Founder.” In French Bronze Sculpture: Materials and Techniques 16th–18th Century, edited by David Bourgarit, Jane Bassett, Francesca G. Bewer, Geneviève Bresc-Bautier, Philippe Malgouyres, and Guilhem Scherf, 107–24. Paris: Archetype.

Battaglia 1961: Battaglia, S. 1961. Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. Edited by Giorgio Bárberi Squarotti. Turin, Italy: Unione tipografico-editrice torinese. http://www.gdli.it/.

Baudin 2011: Baudin, Thierry. 2011. “Analyse EBSD Déformation et recristallisation des matériaux métalliques.” Techniques de l’ingénieur Essais métallographiques des métaux et alliages base documentaire: TIB343DUO (ref. article: m4139). https://doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-m4139.

Baudry and Bozo 1978: Baudry, Marie Thérèse, and Dominique Bozo. 1978. La sculpture: Méthode et vocabulaire. Principes d’analyse scientifique. Paris: Impr. nationale.

Baulez 1991: Baulez, Christian. 1991. “Le luminaire de la princesse Kinsky”, L’Objet d’art 247: 84–99.

Baxandall 1965: Baxandall, Michael. 1965. “A Masterpiece by Hubert Gerhard.” Victoria and Albert Museum Bulletin 1 (2): 1–17.

Baxandall 1966: Baxandall, Michael. 1966. “Hubert Gerhard and the Altar of Christoph Fugger: The Sculpture and its Making.” Münchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst 3 (17): 127–44.

Baxter 2001: Baxter, Michael J. 2001. “Statistical Modelling of Artefact Compositional Data.” Archaeometry 43 (1): 131–47.

Baxter 2003: Baxter, Michael J. 2003. Statistics in Archaeology. London and New York: Oxford University Press.

Baxter 2006: Baxter, Michael J. 2006. “A Review of Supervised and Unsupervised Pattern Recognition in Archaeometry.” Archaeometry 48 (4): 671–94.

Bayley 1991: Bayley, Justine. 1991. “Alloy Nomenclature.” In Medieval Finds from Excavations in London. Vol. 3, Dress Accessories c. 1150–c. 1450, edited by Geoff Egan and Frances Pritchard, 13–17. London: HMSO.

Beale 1975: Beale, Arthur. 1975. “A Technical View of Nineteenth-Century Sculpture.” In Metamorphoses in Nineteenth-Century Sculpture, 28–55. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Beale 1996: Beale, Arthur. 1996. “Understanding, Restoring, and Conserving Ancient Bronzes with the Aid of Science.” In The Fire of Hephaistos: Large Classical Bronzes from North American Collections, edited by Carol C. Mattusch, 65–80. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Art Museums.

Bearzi 1950: Bearzi, Bruno. 1950. “Considerazioni di tecnica sui San Ludovico e la Giuditta di Donatello.” Bollettino d’Arte 16:119–23.

Bearzi 1968: Bearzi, Bruno. 1968. “Tecnica fusoria di Donatello.” In Donatello e il suo tempo. Atti del VIII Convegno Internazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento, Firenze, Padova, 25 settembre–1 ottobre, 1966, 97–105. Florence: Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento, Palazzo Strozzi.

Beeley 2001: Beeley, Peter. Foundry Technology. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

Beentjes 2019: Beentjes, Theodorus Petrus Cornelis. 2019. “Casting Rodin’s Thinker – Sand Mould Casting, the Case of the Laren Thinker and Conservation Treatment Innovation.” PhD diss., Universiteit van Amsterdam. https://dare.uva.nl/search?identifier=69db04ce-74ba-4e9c-95e1-a05f69e9d694.

Beguin et al. 1982: Beguin, G., J. Liszak-Hours, L. Hurtel, J. M. Malfoy, M. Menu, and F. Drilhon. 1982. “Objets himâlayens en métal du musée guimet: étude en laboratoire.” Annales du laboratoire de recherche des musées de France 1982:28–83.

Bennett and Sargentson 2008: Bennett, Shelley M., and Carolyn Sargentson. 2008. French Art of the Eighteenth Century at the Huntington. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Benzonelli, Freestone, and Martinón-Torres 2017: Benzonelli, A., I. C. Freestone, and M. Martinón-Torres. 2017. “A Better Shade of Black: Effects of Manufacturing Parameters on the Development of Ancient Black Bronzes.” Archaeometry 59 (6): 1034–49.

Berger et al. 2018: Berger, Daniel, Elin Figueiredo, Gerhard Brügmann, and Ernst Pernicka. 2018. “Tin Isotope Fractionation during Experimental Cassiterite Smelting and Its Implication for Tracing the Tin Sources of Prehistoric Metal Artefacts.” Journal of Archaeological Science 92 (April): 73–86.

Berman 1974: Berman Harold. 1974. Bronzes: Sculptors and Founders, 1800–1930. Chicago: Abage.

Bernardoni 2009: Bernardoni, Andrea. 2009. “Leonardo and the Equestrian Monument for Francesco Sforza: The Story of an Unrealized Monument Sculpture.” In Leonardo da Vinci and the Art of Sculpture, edited by Gary M. Radke, 94–135. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum; New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press.

Berns 2016: Berns, Roy S. 2016. Color Science and the Visual Arts: A Guide for Conservators, Curators, and the Curious. Los Angeles: Getty Trust Publications.

Bertelli et al. 2013: Bertelli, Piero, Edilberto Formigli, Ferdinando Marinelli, Bernardino Morsani, and Alessandro Pacini. 2013. “Ricostruzioni di archeologia sperimentale.” In Colore e luce nella statuaria antica in bronzo, edited by Edilberto Formigli, 91–95. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.

Bertholon 2004: Bertholon, Régis. 2004. “Le concept de surface d’origine des objets métalliques archéologiques: Une rencontre délicate entre sciences humaines et sciences de la matière.” Alliage 53–54:155–63.

Berthoud 1977: Berthoud, Thierry. 1977. “Application de la spectrométrie de masse à étincelles à l’analyse d’objets de cuivre anciens.” PhD diss., Université Paris 6.

Bevington and Robinson 2003: Bevington, Philip R., and D. Keith Robinson. 2003. Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Bewer 1995: Bewer, Francesca G. 1995. “Studying the Technology of Renaissance Bronzes.” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology IV: Symposium Held May 16–21, 1994, Cancun, Mexico, edited by James R. Druzik, José Luis Galván Madrid, I. C. Freestone, and George Segan Wheeler, 701–9. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 352. Warrendale, PA: Materials Research Society.

Bewer 1996a: Bewer, Francesca G. 1996a. “Del formare e del getto: Vom Modellieren und vom Giessen die Herstellung von Bronzestatuetten im 16. Jahrhundert.” In Von allen Seiten schön, edited by Volker Krahn, 82–91. Cologne: Letter-Stiftung.

Bewer 1996b: Bewer, Francesca G. 1996b. “A Study of the Technology of Renaissance Bronze Statuettes.” PhD diss., University of London.

Bewer 1998: Bewer, Francesca G. 1998. “Kunststücke von gegossenem Metall – Adriaen de Vries’s Bronze Technique.” In Adriaen de Vries (1556–1626): Imperial Sculptor, edited by Frits Scholten, 64–77. Los Angeles: Getty Trust Publications and J. Paul Getty Museum.

Bewer 1999: Bewer, Francesca G. 1999. “Bronze Casts after Bozzetti and Modelli by Bernini.” Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin 6 (3): 162–67.

Bewer 2001: Bewer, Francesca G. 2001. “The Sculpture of Adriaen de Vries: A Technical Study.” In Small Bronzes in the Renaissance, edited by Debra Pincus, 158–93. Studies in the History of Art 62. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Bewer 2010: Bewer, Francesca G. 2010. A Laboratory for Art: Harvard’s Fogg Museum and the Emergence of Conservation in America, 1900–1950. Cambridge, MA, and New Haven, CT: Harvard Art Museums.

Bewer 2012: Bewer, Francesca G. 2012. “A Chemist under a Spell: Rutherford John Gettens’s Early Encounters with Chinese Bronzes.” In Scientific Research on Ancient Asian Metallurgy (Proceedings of Studies of Ancient Asian Metallurgy, Fifth Forbes Symposium of the Freer Gallery of Art, October 2010, Washington, D.C.), edited by Paul Jett, Blythe McCarthy, and Janet G. Douglas, 3–11. London: Archetype.

Bewer and MacNamara 2012: Bewer, Francesca G., and Molly MacNamara. 2012. “The Portrait Busts of Cosimo I & Bindo Altoviti from the Inside Out: Cellini’s Practice of the Art of Bronze Casting.” In Marks of Identity: New Perspectives on Sixteenth-Century Italian Sculpture, edited by Dimitrios Zikos, 62–81. Boston: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.

Bewer and Scott 1995: Bewer, Francesca G., and David A. Scott. 1995. “A Bronze Sculpture Attributed to Louis-Simon Boizot and Platinum Coating Methods.” Archaeometry 37 (2): 351–61.

Bewer, Bourgarit, and Bassett 2008: Bewer, Francesca G., David Bourgarit, and Jane Bassett. 2008. “Les bronzes français (XVIe–XVIIIe siècle): Notes techniques.” In Bronzes français de la Renaissance au Siècle des lumières, edited by Geneviève Bresc-Bautier and Guilhem Scherf, 28–41. Paris: Musée du Louvre, Somogy.

Bewer, Bourgarit, and Bassett 2009: Bewer, Francesca G., David Bourgarit, and Jane Bassett, “French Bronzes (16th–18th centuries): Notes on Technique.” In Cast in Bronze: French Sculpture from Renaissance to Revolution, ed. Geneviève Bresc-Bautier and Guilhem Scherf with James David Draper. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art; Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.

Bewer et al. 2003: Bewer, Francesca G., E. van Binnebeke, R. Van Langh, and R. E. Stone. 2003. “Towards a History of Tetrode’s Casting Technique.” In Willem van Tetrode, Sculptor (c. 1525–1580) Guglielmo Fiammingo Scultore, edited by Frits Scholten, 93–112. Zwolle, the Netherlands: Waanders.

Bewer, Stone, and Sturman 2007: Bewer, Francesca G., Richard. E. Stone, and Shelley G. Sturman. 2007. “Reconstructing the Casting Technique of Lorenzo Ghiberti’s Gates of Paradise.” In The Gates of Paradise: Lorenzo Ghiberti’s Renaissance Masterpiece, edited by Gary M. Radke, 156–82. Atlanta: High Museum of Art; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Bian et al. 2010: Bian, Junguo, Jeffrey H. Siewerdsen, Xiao Han, Emil Y. Sidky, Jerry L. Prince, Charles A. Pelizzari, and Xiaochuan Pan. 2010. “Evaluation of Sparse-View Reconstruction from Flat-Panel-Detector Cone-Beam CT.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 55 (22): 6575–99.

Bilak et al. 2016: Bilak, Donna, Jenny Boulboullé, Joel Klein, and Pamela H. Smith. 2016. “The Making and Knowing Project: Reflections, Methods, and New Directions.” West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture 23 (1): 35–55.

Birch and Martinón-Torres 2019: Birch, Thomas, and Marcos Martinón-Torres. 2019. “Shape as a Measure of Weapon Standardisation: From Metric to Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Iron Age ‘Havor’ Lance from Southern Scandinavia.” Journal of Archaeological Science 101:34–51.

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Biringuccio [1540] 1977: Biringuccio, Vannoccio. (1540) 1977. De la pirotechnia. Edited by Adriano Carugo. Milano: Edizioni Il Polifilo.

Biringuccio [1540] 1990: Biringuccio, Vannoccio. (1540) 1990. The Pirotechnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio. Translated by Cyril Stanley Smith and Martha Teach Gnudi. New York: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers.

Bish and Post 1989: Bish, David L., and Jeffrey E. Post, eds. 1989. “Modern Powder Diffraction.” Special issue, Reviews in Mineralogy 20.

Boas and Fleischmann 2012: Boas, F. Edward, and Dominik Fleischmann. 2012. “CT Artifacts: Causes and Reduction Techniques.” Imaging in Medicine 4 (2): 229–40.

Boffrand 1743: Boffrand, Germain. 1743. Description de ce qui a été pratiqué pour fondre en bronze d’un seul jet la figure équestre de Louis XIV, élevée par la ville de Paris dans la place de Louis le Grand, en 1699. Paris: Guillaume Cavelier. https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010863229/page/n3.

Bol 1985: Bol, Peter C. 1985. Antike Bronzetechnik: Kunst und Handwerk antiker Erzbildner. München: Beck.

Bolland 1894: Bolland, Simpson. 1894. The Encyclopedia of Founding and Dictionary of Foundry Terms Used in the Practice of Moulding. New York: Wiley.

Bordenave and Mirebeau 2018: Bordenave, Aurélie, and Isabelle Mirebeau. 2018. Diffusons les neutrons. Orphée, réacteur nucléaire de recherche à Saclay = Let’s Scatter Neutrons; Orphée, Nuclear Research Reactor in Saclay. Saclay, France: Laboraotoire Léon Brillouin (CEA-CNRS). https://fr.calameo.com/read/0056806668657b7f21394.

Born 1985: Born, Hermann, ed. 1985. Archeologische Bronzen, alte Kunst, moderne Technik. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.

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