Example of geometric morphometric analysis on Iron Age iron lances. The various shapes of lances are superimposed using a specific protocol called generalized procrustes analysis (upper image). In the lower image, each point represents a normalized measure, for a given lance, at a predefined location or “landmark.” See Birch, Thomas, and Marcos Martinón-Torres. 2019. “Shape as a Measure of Weapon Standardisation: From Metric to Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Iron Age ‘Havor’ Lance from Southern Scandinavia.” Journal of Archaeological Science 101:34–51., fig. 9.