Diagram illustrating a cast-on repair. A) wax is applied to the loss and modeled in situ with a pouring gate; B) investment is applied to cover the wax completely (for clarity, the investment in the sketch has been cut through to show the applied wax). Based on Bonanno Pisano (Italian, active late 12th century), Porta di San Ranieri, Pisa Cathedral, Italy, ca. 1180, H. 470 cm. See Morigi, Giovanni. 1999. “Indagini sulla tecnica di fusione, sulle tecniche di ‘saldatura’ e di lavorazione delle superficie.” In La porta di Bonanno nel duomo di Pisa, edited by Ottavio Banti, 155–68. Pontedera, Italy: Bandecchi and Vivaldi..