DEFINITION
Information about generic concepts needed to catalog or describe
the work, including the type of object, materials, activities,
its style, other attributes, or the role of a creator.
SUBCATEGORIES
GENERAL DISCUSSION
This authority includes terms to describe generic
concepts. [1]
It does not include proper names of persons, places, events,
or subjects. This authority file may include terminology to
describe the type of work (e.g., sculpture), its material
(e.g., bronze), activities associated with the work
(e.g., casting), its style (e.g., Art Nouveau),
the role of the creator, other people, or corporate bodies
(e.g., sculptor, architectural studio), and other attributes
or various abstract concepts (e.g., symmetry). It may
include the generic names of plants and animals (e.g., dog
or Canis familiaris, but not Lassie). It
may not include proper names of persons, organizations, geographic
places, named subjects, or named events. Thus it can be described
as containing information about generic concepts (as
opposed to proper nouns or names).
Divisions of the Authority
In the Concept Authority, dividing terms into various logical
categories (called facets in the jargon of thesaurus construction)
will make the authority file more useful and easier to maintain.
Terminology could fall into the following categories (which
are derived from the facets of the AAT):
Objects
The Objects facet includes all discrete tangible or visible
things that are inanimate and produced by human endeavor;
that is, that are either fabricated or given form by human
activity. These include built works, visual works, various
types of other objects, furnishings, images, and written documents.
They range in purpose from utilitarian to the aesthetic (e.g.,
façades, cathedral, garden, painting, sculpture,
albumen print, amphora, chaises longues, Battenberg lace).
In addition to the objects described above, the Objects facet
may include some natural objects or animate objects, such
as landforms and plants (e.g., mountains, cliff, flowers,
daffodil, Narcissus pseudonarcissus).
Materials
Materials include physical substances, whether naturally or
synthetically derived, including specific materials and types
of materials. They may be raw materials or materials designed
for a specific function (e.g., oil paint, tempera, sandstone,
iron, clay, adhesive, emulsifier, lumber, Japanese beech).
Activities
Activities may include areas of endeavor, physical and mental
actions, discrete occurrences, systematic sequences of actions,
methods employed toward a certain end, and processes occurring
with materials or objects. Activities may range from branches
of learning and professional fields to specific life events,
from mentally executed tasks to processes performed on or
with materials and objects, from single physical actions to
complex games (e.g., archaeology, engineering, analyzing,
contests, exhibitions, running, drawing (image-making), sintering,
corrosion).
Agents
Agents can include generic designations of persons, groups
of persons, and organizations identified by occupation or
activity, by physical or mental characteristics, or by social
role or condition (e.g., printmaker, architect, landscape
architect, donor, doctor, corporation, religious order).
Generic names of animals are included as well (e.g., wolf
or Canis lupus).
Styles, Periods, and Cultures
Styles, Periods and Cultures can include stylistic groupings,
distinct chronological periods, cultures, peoples, and nationalities
that are relevant to cultural works (e.g., French, Louis
XIV, Xia, Black-figure, Abstract Expressionist, Renaissance,
Chumash).
Physical Attributes
Physical Attributes can include perceptible or measurable
characteristics of materials and artifacts as well as features
of materials and artifacts that are not separable as components.
Included are characteristics such as size and shape, chemical
properties of materials, qualities of texture and hardness,
and features such as surface ornament and color (e.g., strapwork,
borders, round, waterlogged, brittleness, vivid blue).
Associated Concepts
Associated Concepts can include abstract concepts and phenomena
that relate to the study and execution of a wide range of
human thought and activity. Also covered here are theoretical
and critical concerns, ideologies, attitudes, and social or
cultural movements (e.g., beauty, balance, connoisseurship,
metaphor, freedom, socialism).
Cataloging rules
This category contains an overview of guidelines for cataloging
generic concept authority information. A full set of cataloging
rules may be found in the online Art & Architecture
Thesaurus: Editorial Guidelines, as well as a more
comprehensive list of subcategories/fields.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Prefer the most authoritative, up-to-date sources available,
which may include the following, arranged according to preference:
Standard general reference sources
- AAT, other authoritative thesauri and controlled vocabularies
- major authoritative dictionaries of the English language,
including Webster’s, Random House, American Heritage,
and the Oxford English Dictionary (for the OED, be aware
that words may be spelled differently in American English).
- encyclopedia
- dictionaries in languages other than English
- LC Name Authority Headings
Other authoritative sources
- textbooks, such as Gardner and Janson
Other material on pertinent topics
- books, journal articles, and newspaper articles
- archives, historical documents, and other original sources
(for historical terms only)
Other sources
- databases of contributors
- articles or databases on museum or university Web sites
Standard general sources include the following, arranged
in order of preference:
- Major dictionaries and encyclopedia.
- Library of Congress Subject Headings. Library of
Congress Authorities. Washington, DC: Library of Congress,
http://authorities.loc.gov/.
- Oxford Companion to Art. Harold Osborne, ed. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1996 (17th impression, originally published
in 1970).
- Mayer, Ralph, Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques.
5th ed., rev. and updated by Steven Sheehan. New York: Viking,
1991.
- Library of Congress. Thesaurus for Graphic Materials
2, Genre and Physical Characteristics. http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/tgm2/.
- Chenhall, Robert G., Revised Nomenclature for Museum
Cataloging: A Revised and Expanded Version of Robert G.
Chenhall's System for Classifying Man-Made works. Edited
by James R. Blackaby, Patricia Greeno, and the Nomenclature
Committee. Nashville, Tennessee: AASLH Press, 1988.
- Genre terms. Prepared by the Bibliographic Standards
Committee of the Rare Books and Manuscripts Section (ACRL/ALA).
2nd ed. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries,
1991.
- Paper terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special
Collections Cataloguing. Prepared by the Bibliographic
Standards Committee of the Rare Book and Manuscripts Section
(ACRL/ALA). Chicago: Association of College and Research
Libraries, 1990.
RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS
This authority may be used to control terminology in many
subcategories of the work record, including in the
work TYPE and MATERIALS and TECHNIQUES category, and
in the other authorities. The terms referring to a concept
should be available in combination with other core data in
the object record. Terms should be accessible by keywords
and Boolean operators. [2]
Hierarchical relationships
If possible, this authority should be compliant with ISO and
NISO standards for thesauri; it should be structured as a
hierarchical, relational database. It should
be polyhierarchical, because generic concepts
often must have multiple "parents" or broader contexts.
Associative relationships
Generic concepts may have "associative relationships," meaning
they are related non-hierarchically to other generic concepts,
including relationships described as distinguished from,
usage overlaps with, causitive action is, activity performed
is, etc.
For an explanation and discussion of thesauri, hierarchical
relationships, associative relationships, preferred terms,
"descriptors," and other issues regarding terminology, see
Introduction
to Vocabularies.
30.1. Concept Authority Record
Type
DEFINITION
A term distinguishing records for generic concepts from those
for organizational levels in the authority, which include
guide terms and facets.
EXAMPLES
concept
guide term
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: It is optional, but highly recommended,
to record a term indicating if the record represents a generic
concept or serves as an organizational level in the structure
of the thesaurus. Use lower case.
Use generic concept if the record represents an object,
material, material, agent, style, or characteristic. Use guide
term, facet, or another appropriate term if the record
represents a level used to organize the thesaurus.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Control this subcategory with
a list, including the terms concept, facet, and
guide term. Other terms may also be used if necessary.
30.2. Generic Concept Term
DEFINITION
Terms used to refer to the generic concept; excluded are
proper names of persons, organizations, geographic places,
named subjects, or named events.
EXAMPLES
pier glass
Julio-Claudian
panel painting
rhyton
decorative arts
basilica
brick
Baroque
executive architect
empire
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Required: It is required to record at least
one term - the preferred term, which is the term used most
often in general and scholarly literature to refer to the
concept. Record any other terms or variant terms used in published
sources to refer to the concept.
Preferred term
For the preferred term, chose the one most often used in scholarly
literature and authoritative reference books in the language
of the catalog record (American English in the United States).
Consult the sources listed above to determine which term is
used most often; if the sources disagree, choose the source
listed first in the order of preference above. The preferred
term, and all other descriptors, must be found in three sources,
in order to establish warrant for usage and spelling. The
purpose of the preferred term is to identify the concept in
displays.
Variant terms
Include alternate and variant terms that appear in published
sources and represent significant differences in form or spelling,
fullness, diacritics, punctuation, word inversions, various
languages, appellations, alternate terms, abbreviations, translations,
variant transliterations, historical terms, and other cases
as discussed below.
All terms referring to the same concept should be recorded
in subsequent occurrences of this subcategory. For example,
pier glasses and trumeaux refer to the same
concept.
Form and syntax
For most terms, use lower case. Exceptions include the names
of styles and periods and terms that include a brand name
or a proper name of a person or geographic place (e.g., Siena
marble). Avoid abbreviations.
Record the term in the language of the catalog record and
other languages, if known. For records in American English,
include variant terms (synonyms) in British English when the
spelling differs. For terms where no exact English-language
equivalent exists or where the foreign-language term is more
commonly used than the English term, use the term commonly
used in English publications. Use diacritics as required.
Generally, record terms in natural order. Include variants
in inverted order to provide access or to use in alphabetical
lists (e.g., natural order, onion domes, and inverted,
domes, onion), if possible.
Singular or plural
In standard thesaurus protocol the preferred term and all
descriptors are the plural noun form of the term for objects
(e.g., statues, hôtels (town houses), triptychs,
headdresses). Include singular or plural as outlined below.
For Objects
For objects, include both singular and plural forms of a term
for all descriptors. In standard thesaurus construction, the
plural is the preferred term. The singular should be variant but an alternate descriptor, so that
it may be used for work - TYPE or other subcategories
or displays as required. Include both singular and plural
for used for terms, when possible.
If the term is a loan word or otherwise derived from a foreign
language, the preferred plural term should be the plural form
most often found in standard sources in the language of the
cataloging institution (e.g., gymnasiums not gymnasia,
in English, but rhyta is preferred, not rhytons).
However, if the Anglicized plural is used as a preferred term,
the plural form in the vernacular language should be recorded
as a variant term. (i.e., gymnasia should be a variant
term for the concept).
For Materials
Use the singular noun form for the preferred term for materials
(e.g., bronze, wicker, leather).
For Processes
Use the noun or gerund form for the preferred term for processes,
techniques, and functions (e.g., sketching, urbanization,
decoration).
Variant terms
Include any additional terms by which the concept is known.
Include all important terms that may provide access: alternate
terms, variant spellings, synonyms, historical terms, terms
in inverted and natural order, singular and plural forms,
and terms in various parts of speech (e.g., noun, adjective,
and gerund).
Synonyms
For variant terms, add only terms that have true synonymity
or an identical meaning with all other terms in the record
(e.g., kettle stitch, catch stitch, and ketch stitch
are synonyms because they all refer to the same stitch used
in bookbinding). Do not include terms that have near-synonymity
(similar meanings) or that are merely related and not necessarily
synonyms (e.g., Viking and Norse are related,
but not synonyms). Exceptions may be made for various parts
of speech (e.g., the noun and adjectival form of the same
term may be included in the same concept record).
Homographs
Homographs are terms that have the same spelling but different
meanings in the context of the authority. Distinguish between
homographs in the authority by adding a qualifier;
qualifiers are recorded in a separate TERM QUALIFIER subcategory
and displayed in parentheses with the term. For example, drums
could mean any of the following things in a thesaurus for
art and material culture: 1) cylinders of stone that form
the shaft of a column, 2) musical instruments with a resonating
cavity covered at one or both ends by a membrane which is
sounded by striking, rubbing, or plucking, or 3) the vertical
walls, circular or polygonal in plan, that carry a dome. The
homographs could be distinguished by the following qualifiers,
in parentheses: drums (column components), drums (membranophones),
and drums (walls).
Discrete concepts
A term is a word or phrase denoting a discrete concept
in the context of a particular subject. A term may be composed
of a single word or multiple words (e.g., Medieval, architecture,
stained glass, rose windows, flying buttresses, naves).
Terms must represent discrete concepts; do not record compound
terms or headings. In contrast to a discrete concept, a subject
heading typically concatenates multiple terms or concepts
together in a string. For example, Pre-Columbian sculptures
is a heading composed of terms representing two discrete
concepts: Pre-Columbian (a style and period) and sculpture
(a type of work). Pre-Columbian as a style and period
term may be combined with many other terms and retain its
meaning; sculpture may also be combined with many other
style or period terms and still retain its meaning. Maintaining
discrete concepts, as opposed to headings or compound terms,
in the structure of the authority file will make it more versatile
in cataloging and more powerful in retrieval.
Guide term and facet names
If you use guide terms, create a descriptive phrase. Use lower
case, unless the phrase contains a proper name. For facet
names, capitalize the name for the sake of clarity in the
hierarchical display.
Additional rules
More extensive rules for choosing and formatting terms are
found in the Art & Architecture Thesaurus: Editorial
Guidelines: Chapter 3.3: Terms.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free text: This subcategory is free text. The
terms may be populated by using published sources, including
AAT and LCSH.
RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS
Separating unique concepts in the structure of the authority
will make it more powerful and more versatile. However, consequently
it may then be necessary to combine terms to create "headings"
for objects or otherwise express complex concepts related
to specific materials. For example, bronze is a material
and sculpture is a type of object; therefore, these
two terms should exist in separate parts of the hierarchy.
The phrase bronze sculpture could be constructed by
combining these discrete terms in the work record.
30.2.1. Preference
DEFINITION
An indication of whether the term is the preferred term for
the concept record; there may be more than one Term Type =
descriptor, but only one preferred term.
EXAMPLES
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record an indication of which term
is preferred for this concept. The preferred term should always
have Term Type descriptor; there can be only one preferred
term per record, but there may be multiple descriptors. Use
lower case.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Use the terminology preferred,
variant, and others as necessary.
30.2.2. Term
Type
DEFINITION
An indication of the type of term to be used if the authority
is intended to be compliant with standards for thesaurus construction.
EXAMPLES
descriptor
alternate descriptor
used for term
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a word or phrase indicating
the type of term. Use lower case.
This subcategory is intended for use by those who wish the
authority to be compliant with national and international
standards for thesaurus construction (designating the term
descriptor, alternate descriptor, etc.).
Descriptor
The term most commonly used to refer to the concept in the
language of the catalog record (American English in the United
States). The term with TERM PREFERENCE = preferred is
always a descriptor. However, there may be multiple descriptors
in a multilingual thesaurus. If there are terms in British
English or other languages, flag the preferred term in that
language as a descriptor. There may be only one descriptor
per language in the record.
Alternate descriptor
If the term has a different grammatical form than the descriptor,
such as a singular noun (when the descriptor is plural) or
possessive, flag it as an alternate descriptor.
Used for term
For all terms that are not descriptors or alternate descriptors,
flag them as used for terms.
TERMINOLOGY/ACCESS
Controlled list: Use the terminology in the
Examples above.
30.2.3. Term
Qualifier
DEFINITION
Word or phrase used primarily to distinguish between homographs.
EXAMPLES
object
process
painting
pier glasses
doorway components
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a word that distinguishes
the term from its homograph. Record a qualifier for both homographic
terms. Use lower case, unless the word contains a proper name
or style name.
A homograph is a term that is spelled like another term,
but the meanings of the terms are different. In a dictionary,
homographs are listed under a single heading, with several
definitions listed (e.g., in a dictionary, drum would
be listed as a noun, with several definitions). In a thesaurus,
each homographic term is in a separate record. The use of
homographic terms in a thesaurus requires clarification of
their meaning through use of a qualifier (a gloss in linguistic
jargon). A qualifier is a word or words used with the term
to make the specific meaning unambiguous.
Use qualifiers for all terms, not just the descriptors. Homographs
and their qualifiers may occur with descriptors, alternate
descriptors, or used for terms.
Record the qualifier in this TERM QUALIFIER subcategory,
but display it in parentheses with the term (e.g., trumeaux
(doorway components)).
Choosing qualifiers
Qualifiers may refer to the broader context of the term (e.g.,
Term: trumeaux Qualifier: pier glasses
and Term: trumeaux Qualifier: doorway components),
or another significant distinguishing characteristic.
If the terms differ in capitalization or punctuation but
are otherwise spelled the same, add qualifiers (e.g., Term:
Mbulu Qualifier: Central Tanzanian styles and
Term: mbulu Qualifier: reliquary figures).
Add qualifiers if the term has a homograph that is a common
term in general usage, even if the homograph does not appear
in the GENERAL CONCEPT AUTHORITY (e.g., Term: developing
Qualifier: photography).
Do not use a qualifier to represent a compound concept. For
example, NOT records (phonograph); instead, make the
term phonograph records. NOT pipes (plastic),
instead pipes (conduits) and plastic are two
separate terms that may be combined in cataloging or retrieval
as a precoordinated or postcoordinated term.
In creating a qualifier, remember that the purpose of the
qualifier is to clarify an ambiguous term for the user; it
is not intended to define or give more specificity to the
term. Make the qualifier as brief as possible, ideally consisting
of one word. Two or more words may be used if necessary. If
possible, create a qualifier with the same grammatical form
as the term (e.g., Term: workshops Qualifier: seminars
and Terms: pickling Qualifier: woodworking
For descriptors, use the broader term as the qualifier, if
possible. If the immediate broader term is too long (e.g.,
a guide term), not clear, or otherwise inappropriate,
choose a term or a word in a term higher up in the hierarchy
(e.g., Term: barrels Qualifier: containers).
If the homograph has multiple parents, include a reference
to both in the qualifier, if necessary (e.g., Term: chapels
Qualifier: rooms or structures).
For used for terms, qualify the term with its descriptor,
if appropriate (e.g., Term: charts Qualifier: maps).
Always be clear and unambiguous. If using a word or words
from a parent or the descriptor will not result in the homographs
being unambiguously distinct when displayed together, create
another qualifier that will disambiguate them. Use the scope
note to find a distinguishing characteristic of the two terms.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free text: This subcategory is free text. The
qualifier terminology may be populated by using published
sources, including AAT and LCSH.
RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS
If possible, do not include the qualifier in parentheses
in the TERM subcategory. Put qualifiers in the QUALIFIER subcategory,
but display them in parentheses following the term.
30.2.4. Term Language
DEFINITION
An indication of the language of the term, particularly when
the term is in a language other than the language of the catalog
record.
EXAMPLES
English
American English
French
Chinese (transliterated Pinyin)
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the language of the term,
if known from authoritative sources. Capitalize the names
of languages.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Control this subcategory with
a controlled list. Values may be derived from a source such
as Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 14th edition.
Barbara F. Grimes, ed. Dallas, Texas: SIL International, 2000.
The ISO-639 standard may be used for language codes; however,
if ISO codes are used, values must be translated into legible
form for end-users.
30.2.5. Historical
Flag
DEFINITION
Flag indicating the historical status of the term.
EXAMPLES
current
historical
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record an indication if the name
is current or historical. Use lower case.
If the term is currently in use, use current. Sources
will generally indicate when a term is obsolete or historical.
Note that this flag records the historical status of a particular
term only, not of the concept represented in the record.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Use a controlled list with
terms current, historical, and others if necessary.
30.2.6. Display
Term Flag
DEFINITION
Flag designating whether or not the term is to be used in
natural order displays or in permuted indexes.
EXAMPLES
index
display
not applicable
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: For the inverted form of the preferred
term (e.g., the English or American English descriptor), flag
it as index to indicate that this term may be used
in permuted indexes. Whereas display names are common
for place names and people's names, the use of a display
flag is rare with the generic concepts. Use this flag in the
extremely rare event when the generic concept term is constructed
in order to be used in horizontal displays, because when the
descriptor (plus qualifier, if any) is used as a parent in
horizontal displays, it would be confusing or ambiguous. There
may be only one display name and one index name per record.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Use a controlled list with
terms index, display, not applicable,
and others if necessary.
29.2.7. Other
Name Flags
DEFINITION
Flags designating neologisms, jargon, and other special name
statuses for the term.
EXAMPLES
full term
abbreviation
jargon/slang
scientific term
common term
not applicable
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record an indication of the special
status of the term, as necessary. Use lower case.
Use abbreviation for any abbreviation, initialism,
or acronym (e.g., DVD, CD-ROM). Use full
term for the full form of the term, but only when the
descriptor is a shorter form of the term and/or when the record
also contains an abbreviation (e.g., digital versatile
discs, compact disks read-only memory).
Use jargon/slang for a term that is slang or jargon
for the descriptor (e.g., whirlybirds is slang for
helicopters). Use neologism to flag a term that
is new to the language, generally having been coined due to
new technology (e.g., televillages, recharging stations,
cell towers). Neologisms may be found in journal and
newspaper articles, as well as in more authoritative sources.
Use scientific term to flag the preferred scientific
term in the record, as appropriate (e.g., Felis domesticus).
For Scientific terms, use the name in the approved scientific
source for the topic at hand. Use common term for records
that contain a scientific term, to flag the preferred common
language term for the record (e.g., domestic cat).
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Use a controlled list with
full term, abbreviation, neologism, jargon/slang,
scientific term, common term, not applicable,
and others if necessary.
30.2.8. Term Source
DEFINITION
A reference to a bibliographic source or unpublished document
that provides the warrant for a particular term.
EXAMPLES
- Janson, History of Art (1997)
- Webster's Third New International Dictionary (2002)
- Mayer, Dictionary of Art Terms (1981)
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Required: Record the source(s) used for the
term. All terms must have one authoritative source. It is
highly recommended to find tall descriptors in three authoritative
sources, in order establish speling and usage. In order to
be a source, the term should have been translated precisely,
retaining the diacritics, capitalization, punctuation, part
of speech, and meaning used in the source.
For a full set of rules, see RELATED TEXTUAL REFERENCES
- CITATIONS.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Authority: Ideally, this information is controlled
by citations in the citations authority; see RELATED TEXTUAL
REFERENCES.
RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS
Sources may also be recorded for PLACE/LOCATION AUTHORITY
- DESCRIPTIVE NOTE and for the authority record in general
in PLACE/LOCATION AUTHORITY - CITATIONS.
30.2.8.1. Page
DEFINITION
Page number, volume, date accessed for Web sites, and any
other information indicating where in the source the term
was found.
EXAMPLES
54
23 ff.
7:128
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: For a full set of rules for PAGE,
see RELATED TEXTUAL REFERENCES - CITATIONS - PAGE.
FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Use consistent syntax and format.
30.2.9. Term Date
DEFINITION
A description of the date or range of dates when a particular
term was in use.
EXAMPLES
- documented in 1038
- term used prior to ca. 1790
- plural form of the 15th-century term
- early form of the term, now obsolete
- term used primarily in late 19th-early 20th century; also
occasionally used currently in British English
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the dates or date range when
a term was used. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity
as necessary.
Note that this date records the date of a particular term
only, not of the concept represented in the record.
Ideally, the TERM DATE should refer, explicitly or implicitly,
to a time period or date. However, it may be used to record
unusual or important information about the term, often referring
to the derivation or history of usage of the term (e.g., French
for "silent life"; this French term was later replaced
by "nature morte").
Form and syntax
In the free-text TERM DATE field, record a phrase referring
to a year, a span of years, or period that describes the specific
or approximate date in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. Index
this free-text date with EARLIEST and LATEST DATES delimiting
the appropriate span. If the term is still in use to refer
to this concept, the end date should be "9999."
The TERM DATE may contain a note that does not refer to a
date per se, but it must still be indexed with EARLIEST and
LATEST DATES.
Follow other rules for display dates in CREATION - CREATION
DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax
where possible. Index the dates in the controlled EARLIEST
and LATEST DATE subcategories.
30.2.9.1. Earliest Date
DEFINITION
The earliest date on which a particular term was used.
EXAMPLES
1877
1670
1950
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the earliest year indicated
by or implied in the display NAME DATE.
Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in
the indexing dates fields.[3]
It is optional to record EARLIEST DATE;
however, if you record a value here, you must also record
LATEST DATE. Follow rules for dates in CREATION - CREATION
DATE - EARLIEST DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
30.2.9.2. Latest Date
DEFINITION
The latest date on which a particular term was used.
EXAMPLES
1901
1675
9999
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the latest year indicated
by or implied in the display NAME DATE.
Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in
the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record EARLIEST
DATE; however, if you record a value here, you must also record
EARLIEST DATE. Follow rules for dates in CREATION - CREATION
DATE - LATEST DATE.
Note that this is they last year when the name was used,
which is generally "9999."
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
30.3. Related Generic
Concepts
DEFINITION
The identification of any generic concepts that have important
ties or connections to the generic concept being cataloged,
excluding hierarchical whole/part relationships.
EXAMPLES
- artist dolls (dolls, figurines, ... Visual and Verbal
Communication)
- kimonos (main garments, <costume by form>, ... Furnishings
and Equipment)
- scraping (<subtractive processes and techniques>,
<processes and techniques by specific type>, ... Processes
and Techniques)
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Identify any generic concept related
to the generic concept being cataloged where there is an important
associative relationship. Associative relationships include
various types of ties or connections between concepts, excluding
genus/species (hierarchical) relationships.
Form and syntax
Use lower case, except for style terms. Use the label/identification
of the related generic concept, described in GENERIC CONCEPT
AUTHORITY - LABEL/IDENTIFICATION.
Only clear and direct relationships should be recorded. These
direct relationships are typically current, but occasionally
may be historical.
Make links with RELATED GENERIC CONCEPT when it is useful
to the end-user to have a cross-reference to the other concepts
and when the concepts are directly related to each other but
they do not have a hierarchical relationship. Think in terms
of retrieval: Would such a link be useful in a search engine?
If the concept records are clearly related but they are not
linked via the hierarchy, create an associative relationship
to prevent the conceptual link from being lost.
If there is a significant possibility that two concepts may
be confused, link them with RELATED GENERIC CONCEPT. If the
only cause of potential confusion is that the descriptors
or other terms are the same or similar, do not link them with
RELATED GENERIC CONCEPT. Make a QUALIFIER for both terms to
distinguish them from each other.
In the rare event that the historical meanings of the terms
have changed, explain it in the SCOPE NOTE and link the terms
with RELATED GENERIC CONCEPT.
Do not make associative relationships when hierarchical relationships
are more appropriate. Generally, generic concept records that
have the same parent or grandparent, or that have a parent/child
relationship themselves, should not be linked with RELATED
GENERIC CONCEPT. An exception is for the RELATIONSHIP TYPE
distinguished from.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
System generated: Ideally, this should be generated
from various fields in the related PERSON/CORPORATE BODY AUTHORITY
record.
Free-text: If this is a free-text field, index
the information in the pertinent controlled subcategories
elsewhere in the related record.
30.3.1. Concept Relationship
Type
DEFINITION
An indication of the type of relationship between the concept
and another generic concept.
EXAMPLES
distinguished from
usage overlaps with
causitive action is
equipment needed is
related to
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: It is optional to record related
generic concepts, but if they are recorded, it is highly recommended
to use this subcategory to identify the type of relationship
between them.
Form and syntax
Use lower case. For a list of terms and their definitions,
see the Art & Architecture Thesaurus: Editorial Guidelines:
Chapter 3.5: Associative Relationships.
RELATIONSHIP TYPE describes relationships that go from the
record being cataloged to the related entity. Some reciprocal
relationships between generic concepts are equal and the same
on both sides of the relationship (e.g., distinguished
from / distinguished from). However, be careful to link
to the correct side of the relationship when the term is not
the same on both sides of the relationship.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Control these terms with a
controlled list, including the terms above and others defined
in the Art & Architecture Thesaurus: Editorial Guidelines:
Chapter 3.5: Associative Relationships.
30.3.2. Concept Relationship
Date
DEFINITION
A description of the date or range of dates associated with
the relationship between the generic concept and the related
generic concept.
EXAMPLES
from 1310
17th century
ancient
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a description of the dates
or date range when the relationship was in place. Include
references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.
Form and syntax
Follow the applicable rules for display dates in CREATION
- CREATION DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax
where possible. Index the dates in the controlled EARLIEST
and LATEST DATE subcategories.
30.3.2.1. Earliest Date
DEFINITION
The earliest date when the relationship could have been in
effect.
EXAMPLES
1420
900
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: The earliest date when the hierarchical
relationship could have been in place.
Form and syntax
Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in
the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record EARLIEST
DATE; however, if you record a value here, you must also record
LATEST DATE. Follow the applicable rules for dates in CREATION
- CREATION DATE - EARLIEST DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
30.3.2.2. Latest Date
DEFINITION
The latest date when the relationship could have been in
effect.
EXAMPLES
1623
1521
9999
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the latest year indicated
by the display RELATIONSHIP DATE.
Form and syntax
Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in
the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record LATEST
DATE; however, if you record a value here, you must also record
EARLIEST DATE. Follow the applicable rules for dates in CREATION
- CREATION DATE - LATEST DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
30.4. Concept Broader Context
DEFINITION
An identification of the broader contexts for the generic
concept. Ideally this is a hierarchical link.
EXAMPLES
- costume (Furnishings and Equipment)
- bloom (Conditions and Effects)
- Red-figure (<Greek vase painting styles>, <Aegean
pottery styles>, ... Styles and Periods)
- buttresses (<supporting and resisting elements>,
<structural elements>, ... Components)
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Required: This subcategory is required, when
applicable. There may be multiple hierarchical relationships
(polyhierarchical). Identify the larger context (parent)
required to construct the hierarchical (whole/part) relationships
between a concept and another concept. Position the subject
under the most specific parent concept possible
Form and syntax
Ideally this is a hierarchical link. For display, follow
the example above, using the preferred TERM, the qualifier
if any, and levels of parents to the level of hierarchy or
facet.
In addition to the label as displayed in the Examples above,
the broader contexts may be derived from the hierarchical
links and displayed in indented format as in the Examples
below.
Visual Works
.....<visual works by medium or technique>
.........photographs
...........<photographs by form>
................<photographs by form: format>
........................card photographs
........................gem photographs
........................lantern slides
........................slides (photographs)
Hierarchical relationships in this authority are those links
in a thesaurus that describe genus/species relationships.
Each record in the authority is linked to its immediate parent
(broader context); hierarchy is constructed through these
links. The authority is polyhierarchical, meaning that generic
concept records can belong to more than one parent. Hierarchical
relationships are referred to by genealogical terms: child,
children, siblings, parent, grandparent, ancestors, descendents,
etc.
Choosing a parent
Position the generic concept under the most logical broader
concept, keeping in mind the particular logic evident throughout.
With the descriptor of the concept record in mind, determine
if this concept is a type of, kind of, example of, or manifestation
of the proposed parent concept. If it is, then a genus/species
relationship exists. Place the concept record only as deep
in the hierarchy as necessary; do not make frivolous or unnecessary
levels. However, at the same time be consistent with the rest
of the authority's hierarchies.
Make sure that each subset of narrower terms clustered under
a broader term is independent and mutually exclusive in meaning.
Occasionally meanings may overlap among siblings, but avoid
this when possible. Be sure that the genus/species logic holds
true upwards through all levels of the hierarchy above the
concept.
For more specific guidance regarding building hierarchies,
how to determine parents, etc., see the Art & Architecture
Thesaurus: Editorial Guidelines: 3.1 Hierarchical Relationships.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
System generated: Ideally, this broader context
display should be generated from the hierarchical relationships
of the authority record linked as BROADER CONTEXT.
Ideally, this relationship should be managed by the computer
system. The method by which the broader context is noted or
linked will be specific to the cataloging, collection management,
or editorial system being used. Linking the authority record
to its broader context allows hierarchies to be constructed.
In the examples above, the hierarchical relationships are
represented by indentation, illustrating a display that will
be intelligible to most end users.
Free-text: If generating a display by algorithm
is not possible, or if the cataloging institution wants to
express nuance that is not possible from an automatically
generated string, a free-text field may be used instead.
RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS
Generally, the hierarchical relationship will be a special
relationship that is managed separately from associative relationships.
However, for some institutions, the whole/part relationships
will be recorded only by using "part of" and "broader
context for" in GENERIC CONCEPT AUTHORITY - RELATED GENERIC
CONCEPT - RELATIONSHIP TYPE.
It is critical to be able to retrieve by using hierarchical
relationships. It is important that all researchers who wish
to find the broader concept will also retrieve the narrower
concepts (e.g., if they look for vessels, they will
retrieve all works linked to basins, bottles, bowls,
dinoi, or ewers).
30.4.1. Broader Context Date
DEFINITION
A description of the date or range of dates associated with
the hierarchical relationship between the generic concept
being cataloged and the related concept.
EXAMPLES
from 1791
18th century
11th century through 15th century
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a description of the dates
or date range when a hierarchical relationship was relevant.
Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.
Form and syntax
Follow the applicable rules for display dates in CREATION
- CREATION DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax
where possible. Index the dates in the controlled EARLIEST
and LATEST DATE subcategories.
30.3.1.1. Earliest Date
DEFINITION
The earliest date when the hierarchical relationship could
have been in place.
EXAMPLES
1420
900
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: The earliest date when the hierarchical
relationship could have been in place.
Form and syntax
Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in
the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record EARLIEST
DATE; however, if you record a value here, you must also record
LATEST DATE. Follow the applicable rules for dates in CREATION
- CREATION DATE - EARLIEST DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
30.4.1.2. Latest Date
DEFINITION
The latest date when the hierarchical relationship could
have been in place.
EXAMPLES
1623
1521
9999
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the latest year indicated
by the display RELATIONSHIP DATE.
Form and syntax
Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in
the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record LATEST
DATE; however, if you record a value here, you must also record
EARLIEST DATE. Follow the applicable rules for dates in CREATION
- CREATION DATE - LATEST DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
30.5. Generic Concept Label/Identification
DEFINITION
A label or heading to identify the generic concept in displays.
EXAMPLES
- cathedrals (<churches by location or context>,
churches, ... Built Environment)
- rhyta (<vessels for serving and consuming food>,
<containers for serving and consuming food>, ... Furnishings
and Equipment)
- sintering (<temperature-related techniques>, <processes
and techniques by specific type>, ... Processes and Techniques)
- stained glass (visual works) (<visual works by medium
or technique>, <visual works>, ... Visual and Verbal
Communication)
- Edo (Japanese period) (<early modern Japanese periods>,
<Japanese periods>, ... Styles and Periods)
- Canis lupus (Canidae (family), Carnivora (order), Mammalia
(class), Vertebrates (subphylum), Animal Kingdom)
[alternatively, with the qualifier, if any, and omitting
the string of parents]
- sintering
- stained glass (visual works)
- Edo (Japanese period)
- Canis lupus
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a label or heading identifying
the name, broader contexts, and place type of the related
place, to provide context for the place name.
Form and syntax
Use consistent syntax and punctuation for the label identifying
the generic concept. Follow the Examples above, concatenating
the preferred TERM, QUALIFIER (if any), and parents. The string
of parents may be too long and unweildy to be helpful. Algorighms
may be developed to cut off intermediate sections of the string
(as in the examples above).
Alternatively, use the term along with a QUALIFIER, if any.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
System generated: Ideally, this should be generated
from various fields in the generic concept record and its
parents' records.
Free-text: If this is a free-text field, index
the information in the pertinent controlled subcategories
elsewhere in the related record.
30.6. Concept Scope Note
DEFINITION
A note that describes how the term should be used and provides
descriptive information about the concept or expands upon
information recorded in other fields, presented in a form
to be displayed to end users.
EXAMPLES
[for cinquedeas ]
Heavy civilian daggers or short swords of 15th- and
16th-century Italy, characterized by a broad, flat double-edged
triangular blade measuring five fingers in width at the
hilt, a pair of short, arched quillons, a grip formed
of two flat pieces riveted one on each side of the tang,
and a pommel that is simply an arched cap fitted over
the base of the grip. The blades are fluted and often
elaborately decorated on the wider parts.
[for daguerreotype]
Process that produces a direct positive image on a
silver-coated copper plate, invented by Louis-Jacques-Mandé
Daguerre of France and Joseph-Nicéphore Niepce
in the 1830s. In the process, a copper plate is coated
with silver iodide and exposed to light in a camera, then
fumed with mercury vapor and fixed with common salt in
solution.
[for Oseberg Style]
Refers to the style of art that is named after the
eighth-century ship burial at Oseberg in southern Norway,
but is found over a wide geographic area in Scandinavia.
While there is considerable variety within the style,
it is generally characterized by the use of semi-naturalistic,
gripping animals and a formal composition that disposes
motifs of equal size over an area, to form a carpet-like
design. The style seems to exhibit some connection with
the Anglo-Saxon Trewhiddle style.
[for travertine]
A dense, crystalline or microcrystalline limestone
that was formed by the evaporation of river or spring
waters. It is named after Tivoli, Italy, where large deposits
occur, and it is characterized by a light color and the
ability to take a good polish. It is typically banded,
due to the presence of iron compounds or other organic
impurities. It is often used for walls and interior decorations
in public buildings. It is distinguished from "tufa" by
being harder and stronger.
GENERAL DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a single coherent statement
explaining the meaning of the concept within the context of
this authority file and how it should be used. Notes should
be objective, specific, and prescriptive based on authorized
sources.
Form and syntax
Use natural word order. You may use phrases or complete sentences,
but always begin the note with capital letter and end it with
a period. Use sentence case (not all capitals or title case).
Capitalize proper names. Avoid abbreviations. Write the note
in the language of the catalog record (English in the United
States). Names and other words in foreign languages may be
used within the note when there is no commonly used English
equivalent. Use diacritics as appropriate.
A scope note differs from a definition in a dictionary or
glossary in that, rather than providing all the possible meanings
for a word, it identifies a single concept and explains its
particular meaning. For example, a dictionary entry for barrel
could include a dozen different definitions including those
for a type of container, a firearm component, and a part of
a musical instrument, all of which are barrels. In the GENERIC
CONCEPT AUTHORITY, barrels would appear three times,
as barrels (aerophone components), barrels (containers),
and barrels (firearm components); each is found
in its appropriate part of the hierarchical structure. In
the authority, words that are spelled the same but represent
different concepts are homographs, and are recorded in separate
records, unlike in a dictionary. The QUALIFIERS are used with
TERMS to distinguish among the homographs at a glance, but
their scope notes further define them.
Write a note that outlines usage and meaning of the descriptor.
Keep in mind that the note should also be applicable to all
other terms (alternate descriptors, used for terms,
etc.) in the record. Topics may include the following:
- the usage of the descriptor, alternate descriptors, and
used for terms in the record
- the meaning and context of the descriptor and other terms
in the record
- distinguishing between terms that are in different records
and have overlapping meanings or that may otherwise be confused
by users
Clarify meaning by precisely identifying a specific type
of work and how it was used, as necessary. Describe the context
of the concept, people or places relevant to the concept,
and the time period during which it was evident or applicable,
as appropriate. Include advice to guide users in selecting
the most appropriate term among several possibilities, particularly
when there are subtle differences in meaning among similar
and closely related concepts. If you refer to another concept
in the scope note, include a reciprocal reference in the scope
note for the corresponding concept. In addition, you must
also link to it as a RELATED GENERIC CONCEPT. Do not define
the concept by using a closely related term. Instead, explain
the meaning of the second term within the context of the first
scope note. Be sure that the scope note does not exclude any
of the narrower concepts. Also be sure that it fits as a type
of its broader concept and by extension all the way up the
hierarchy.
For further rules and examples, see the Art & Architure
Thesaurus: Editorial Guidelines: Chapter 3.4: Scope Note.
Various issues
The recommendations below may be altered to accommodate local
needs or preferences.
All information in the descriptive note must be derived from
an authoritative source. It is highly recommended to cite
your source and page number. Do not plagiarize: You may paraphrase
the information, but do not copy it verbatim. If information
in the note ultimately comes from a literary or unreliable
source (as opposed to a modern reliable source), be careful
not to state it as if it were proven fact. Do not use this
note to record extremely volatile situations that may change
in a few months or years. Instead, situations recorded here
should be relatively long-standing.
Explain any controversies or issues regarding the meaning
or usage of the term, or other facts that are in dispute among
scholars or experts. If an issue is in dispute, be careful
not to express it as a certain fact. When two sources disagree,
prefer the information obtained from the most scholarly, authoritative,
recent source.
Be objective. Avoid bias or critical judgment, either positive
or negative. Express all information in a neutral tone, including
politics, religion, artistic styles or works, rulers, people,
art, architecture, and events. Do not write from a subjective
or biased point of view, even if your source expresses a fact
in a subjective way.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free text: This is not a controlled field.
Use consistent format and syntax when possible. Any significant
information in the DESCRIPTIVE NOTE should be recorded in
the appropriate controlled fields, including names, place
types, dates, and significant related places.
30.6.1. Note Source
DEFINITION
A reference to a bibliographic source or unpublished document
that supplied information in the SCOPE NOTE.
EXAMPLES
- Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961)
- Oxford Companion to Art (1996)
- Grove Art Online (2003-)
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: It is optional but strongly recommended
to record the source used for the SCOPE NOTE. For a full set
of rules for CITATIONS, see RELATED TEXTUAL REFERENCES - CITATIONS.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Authority: Ideally, this information is controlled
by citations in the citations authority; see RELATED TEXTUAL
REFERENCES.
30.6.1.1. Page
DEFINITION
Page number, volume, date accessed for Web sites, and any
other information indicating where in the source the information
was found.
EXAMPLES
54
23 ff.
7:128
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: For a full set of rules for PAGE,
see RELATED TEXTUAL REFERENCES - CITATIONS - PAGE.
FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Use consistent syntax and format.
30.7. Remarks
DEFINITION
Notes or comments about information in the generic concept
record.
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a note containing additional
information or comments in this authority. Use consistent
syntax and format. For rules regarding writing notes, see
DESCRIPTIVE NOTE.
FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Use consistent syntax and format.
30.8. Citations
DEFINITION
A reference to a bibliographic source, unpublished document,
or individual opinion that provides the basis for the information
recorded in this authority.
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the source used for information
in this category. For a full set of rules for CITATIONS, see
RELATED TEXTUAL REFERENCES - CITATIONS.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Authority: Ideally, this information is controlled
by citations in the citations authority; see RELATED TEXTUAL
REFERENCES.
30.1.1. Page
DEFINITION
Page number, volume, date accessed for Web sites, and any
other information indicating where in the source the information
was found.
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: For a full set of rules for PAGE,
see RELATED TEXTUAL REFERENCES - CITATIONS - PAGE.
FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Use consistent syntax and format.
30.9. Concept Authority Record
ID
DEFINITION
A number used to uniquely identify the Generic Concept Authority
record to the computer system.
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: It is optional but highly recommended
to use persistent unique numeric identifiers for the Generic
Concept Authoirty record in the computer system. Typically,
such numeric schemes are composed of a consistent, defined
range of integers (e.g., 12 number sequences, such as 100000000123).
Alternatively, numbers may be applied sequentially beginning
with number one.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: This subcategory is automatically
generated and controlled.
EXAMPLES
Record Type: concept
Term:
dinoi Preference: preferred Term Type:
descriptor
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Term:
dinos Preference: variant Term Type:
alternate descriptor
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Broader Context:
vessels (containers)
Objects Facet
.... Furnishings and Equipment
............ containers
................ <containers by
form>
.................... vessels (containers)
........................ dinoi
Relationship Type: distinguished from
Related Generic Concept: lebetes
Scope Note:
Used by modern scholars to refer to ancient Greek large, round-bottomed
bowls that curve into a wide, open mouth, and that often stood
on a stand. Metal vessels of this shape were probably used
for cooking and those made of terracotta were used for mixing
wine and date from the mid-seventh through the late fifth
centuries BCE. They are distinguished from "lebetes"
by their larger size. Ancient literary evidence suggests that
the term was originally applied to drinking cups rather than
bowls, and that such bowls were at that time called "lebetes."
Note Source:
Clark, Elston and Hart, Understanding Greek Vases (2002) Page:
87
Citations: Grove Dictionary of Art (1996) Page:
8:906
Citations: Boardman, Athenian Black Figure Vases
(1988) Page: 30
Record Type: concept
Term:
travertine Preference: preferred
Term Type: descriptor Language:
American English
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Term:
travertino Preference: variant
Term Type: descriptor Language:
Italian
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Term:
lapis tiburtinus Preference: variant
Term Type: used for term
Language: Latin
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Term:
travertine marble Preference: variant
Term Type: used for term
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Term:
roachstone Preference: variant
Term Type: used for term
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Broader Context:
sinter, limestone
Materials
.... rock
.…..... sedimentary rock
.....…..... limestone
.......…........ sinter
........….......... travertine
Scope Note:
A dense, crystalline or microcrystalline limestone
that was formed by the evaporation of river or spring waters.
It is named after Tivoli, Italy ("Tibur" in Latin),
where large deposits occur, and it is characterized by a light
color and the ability to take a good polish. It is typically
banded, due to the presence of iron compounds or other organic
impurities. It is often used for walls and interior decorations
in public buildings. It is distinguished from "tufa"
by being harder and stronger.
Note Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Relationship Type: distinguished from
Related Generic Concept: tufa (sinter, limestone)
Record Type: concept
Term:
Mannerist Preference: preferred
Term Type: descriptor Language:
English
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Term:
Mannerism Preference: variant
Term Type: used for term
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Term:
Maniera Preference: variant
Term Type: descriptor Language:
Italian
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Broader Context:
Renaissance-Baroque style
Styles and Periods
........ <styles and periods by
region>
............ European
.................... <Renaissance-Baroque
styles and periods>
............................ Mannerist
Relationship Type: usage overlaps with
Related Generic Concept: Late Renaissance
Scope Note:
Refers to a style and a period in evidence approximately from
the 1520s to 1590, developing chiefly in Rome and spreading
elsewhere in Europe. The style is characterized by a distancing
from the Classical ideal of the Renaissance to create a sense
of fantasy, experimentation with color and materials, and
a new human form of elongated, pallid, exaggerated elegance.
Note Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Record Type: concept
Term:
Canis lupus Qualifier: species name
Preference: preferred Term
Type: descriptor
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Term:
gray wolf Preference: preferred
Term Type: alternate descriptor
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Term:
timber wolf Preference: variant
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Term:
grey wolf Preference: variant
Term Source:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (1988-)
Broader Context:
Animal Kingdom
.......Vertebrates (subphylum)
............Mammalia (class)
...……....... Carnivora (order)
..............…...... Canidae
(family)
.............................Canis
lupus
Scope Note:
The best-known of the three species of wild doglike carnivores
known as wolves. It is the largest nondomestic member of the
dog family (Canidae) and inhabits vast areas of the Northern
Hemisphere. It once ranged over all of North America from
Alaska and Arctic Canada southward to central Mexico and throughout
Europe and Asia above 20 degrees N latitude. There are at
least five subspecies of gray wolf. Most domestic dogs are
probably descended from gray wolves. Pervasive in human mythology,
folklore, and language, the gray wolf has had an impact on
the human imagination in mythology, legends, literature, and
art.
Note Source:
"Wolf." Encyclopedia Britannica online Page:
accessed 25 May 2005
Note Source:
Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum
of Zoology, 1995-2002. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/
Page: accessed 25 May 2005
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NOTE: Outline numbers are subject to change and intended only to
organize this document.
Revised 10 September 2008
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