28. Person/Corporate Body Authority 🔺

DEFINITION

A term distinguishing records for persons from those for corporate bodies, which are groups of people, not necessarily legally incorporated.

EXAMPLES

• person
• corporate body

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: It is optional, but highly recommended, to record a term indicating if the record represents a person or a corporate body. Use lower case.

If the record represents a single individual, flag it as a person. If it represents a group of two or more people working together, whether or not they are legally incorporated, label it corporate body.

If necessary, you may further organize the records by including facets and guide terms. A guide term, also called a node label, is a level used to organize the hierarchy into logical segments. For example, you may use guide terms to separate artists from non-artists. A facet is an even broader division of the hierarchy, generally appearing directly under the root of the hierarchy.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Control this subcategory with a list, including the terms person, corporate body, facet, and guide term. Other terms may also be used if necessary.

DEFINITION

Proper names, appellations, pseudonyms, nicknames, or other identifying phrases by which an individual, group of people, or corporate body is known.

EXAMPLES

• Wren, Christopher
• Giambologna
• Kalf, Willem [Figure 21]
• Burgkmair, Hans the Elder
• Méraud, Pierre-Antoine, père [Figure 1]
• Umberto Boccioni [Figure 99]
• Michelangelo Buonarroti
• Kicking Bear
• Pontormo [Figure 8]
• Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company [Figure 104]
• Katsushika Hokusai
• Kicking Bear
• Limbourg Brothers
• Gilbert & George
• Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
• Talman, William, Office
• McKim, Mead and White
• Feature Animation, Disney Studios, The Walt Disney Company
• Associated American Artists
• Master of the Dido Panels
• Hand G
• Achilles Painter
• Borden Limner
• unknown Maya [Figure 42]

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Required: It is required to record at least one name: the preferred name, which is the name used most often in scholarly literature to refer to the person or corporate body. Record any other proper names, appellations, pseudonyms, nicknames, or other identifying phrases used in published sources to identify the person or corporate body.

Preferred name

For the preferred name, chose the one most often used in scholarly literature and authoritative reference books in the language of the catalog record (English in the United States). Consult the sources listed above to determine which name is used most often; if the sources disagree, choose the source listed first in the order of preference above.

If the name is not in these sources, construct a preferred name based on the rules in “Chapter 3.3: Names” of the Union List of Artist Names: Editorial Guidelines or the Anglo American Cataloguing Rules.

Variant names

Include alternate and variant names that appear in published sources and represent significant differences in form or spelling, fullness, diacritics, punctuation, name inversions, various languages, appellations, and alternate names, including maiden names, pseudonyms, or nicknames, official names, abbreviations, and other cases as discussed below.

All names referring to the same individual or group should be recorded in subsequent occurrences of this subcategory. For example, all the names in the following list refer to the same artist: Honthorst, Gerrit van; Gerardo delle Notti; Gherardo della Notte; Gherardo Fiammingo; Honthorst, Gerard van; and Monsù Giraud della notte.

Form and syntax: Inverted and natural order names

Names may be in natural order (e.g., Christopher Wren, used for display) or in inverted order (e.g., Wren, Christopher, used for indexing). Record the preferred name in both natural and inverted order, if appropriate. See the exceptions for early names, non-Western names, pseudonyms, and corporate body names below. For these exceptions, use the indexing names in authoritative sources to determine whether or not the name should be inverted.

For the inverted order form of the name, record the name in the following order: last name; comma; first name; followed by middle names or initials and title, if any.

For the natural order form of the name, record the name in the following order: first name, middle names or initials (if applicable), and last name. If there is a title, separate it from the name with a comma. For the Elder or the Younger, do not use a comma. For Jr. or Sr., use a comma.

Consult AACR2 ⁶ for general inversion guidelines regarding names in various languages.

Ancient and non-Western names

For Western persons dating from the 16th century and before, do not invert the preferred name if it is not inverted in authoritative sources (e.g., Leonardo da Vinci). These names may not have a “last” name, and thus should not be inverted. These appellations are often a combination of a given name plus a patronymic, place name, or other descriptive phrase (e.g., Bartolo di Fredi [“son of Fredi”] or Jean de Luxembourg [“from Luxembourg”]). You may include an inverted version of the name as an alternate name. These same rules may occasionally apply to artists living after the 16th century as well.

For non-Western persons, do not invert the preferred name if it is not inverted in authoritative sources (e.g., Mato Wanartaka or Hsia Chang). Note that the natural order name for non-Western artists may already list the “last” name first, or the name may be otherwise inappropriate for inversion .

Pseudonyms and nicknames

Include pseudonyms and nicknames if found in standard sources (e.g., El Greco for the artist Theotokopolous, Domenikos).

Pseudonyms and nicknames may not be appropriate for inversion (e.g., Le Corbusier or Man Ray). Constructed names, as for anonymous artists, are often inappropriate for inversion (e.g., Borden Limner, Monogrammist ADL, or Master of the Visitation).If a pseudonym or nickname is the preferred name, do not invert the preferred name if it is not inverted in authoritative sources.

Initials and abbreviations

Use periods with initials; include a space between multiple initials. However, there may be exceptions for initials that are part of an official name of a corporate body (e.g., the acronym MoMA). Make such acronyms a variant name, not the preferred name. In general, avoid abbreviations in the preferred name, unless the official, commonly used name contains initials or abbreviations. However, include commonly used abbreviations and initials among the variant names (Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and SOM). Put the abbreviation and a corresponding full name in separate name fields; do not append the abbreviated name in parentheses after the preferred name.

Articles and prepositions

For the preferred name, if a name includes an article or preposition used as a prefix (e.g. de, des, le, la, l’, della, van, von, von der), generally use lower case (e.g., Loo, Abraham Louis van). Exception: If the inverted form of the name is indexed with the prefix as the first word, generally capitalize the prefix (e.g., Le Gros, Jean).

Translations and transliterations

Include translations, and variant transliterations (e.g., Shishkin, Ivan and Chichkin, Ivan and Schischkin, Iwan).

For a language that is not written in the Roman alphabet, the name may have to be transliterated. There may be multiple methods of transliteration. For the preferred vernacular name, it is advised to use a transliteration derived by applying ISO standards.⁷ However, it is often necessary to choose between variant transliterations without knowing which transliteration method was employed. In such cases, the preferred name should be the transliteration as found in the most authoritative of available possible sources.

Variant languages

If there are commonly used variants in various languages, include them as alternate names (e.g., Kicking Bear and Mato Wanartaka; Giambologna, Giovanni da Bologna [both Italian] and Jean de Boulogne [French] [Figure 23].

Fullness of the name

Include significant differences in the fullness of the name (e.g., Meier, Richard and Meier, Richard Alan; Katsushika Hokusai and Hokusai). The preferred name should not necessarily be the fullest name, but rather the most commonly used name in authoritative sources and scholarly literature.

Junior and Senior

Include designations that distinguish two or more members of the same family bearing the same name (e.g., Breughel, Pieter, the Elder or Hartray, John F., Jr.). For the preferred name, use the English version of the name (e.g., with “the Elder”), but include variants in other languages as appropriate (e.g., Breughel, Pieter, der ältere). Do not use Roman numeral designations with the preferred name unless (1) there are more than two family members with the same name; or (2) there is not a father/son relationship (e.g., if a nephew and his uncle have the same name). In other cases, use the elder/the younger (or Jr./Sr.) for the preferred name, and record published names with Roman numerals as variant names.

Honorifics and titles

Include honorifics and titles, as appropriate (e.g., Rubens, Sir Peter Paul for the artist Rubens, Peter Paul) For the preferred name, use the name most commonly used in standard sources, which may omit the title.

Name changes

Include former names and name changes as variants. If a person’s name has changed over time, include the former names. Examples include legal name changes (e.g., a married name, such as Alma-Tadema, Laura Theresa and Epps, Laura Theresa) and any other instance of former appellations. The preferred name should be the one most often found in authoritative sources.

For creators whose identity has changed over time through scholarship, if it is well established that both names refer to the same person, include their previous appellations as alternate names (Robert Campin is the formerly anonymous Master of Flémalle).

Anonymous and unknown persons

For anonymous creators for whom a name is unknown but the oeuvre is identified, use an appellation provided by an authoritative source or devised by scholars (e.g., Hand G, Achilles Painter, Borden Limner, or Master of the Munich Adoration). In the context of this manual, an anonymous creator is defined as a creator whose hand is identified and oeuvre is established, but whose name is not known. Generally, do not invert appellations for anonymous creators. Where the appellation is built around a descriptive phrase such as Master, Monogrammist, Painter, etc., for the preferred name use the English name (e.g., Master of the Cespo di Garofano is preferred in an English catalog, not Maestro del Cespo di Garofano). If it is possible but not established that the anonymous hand may be identified with a named creator, do not record the additional names together in the same record. Make separate records for each personality and link them through Related Person/Corporate Body (28.12).

For unknown creators whose oeuvres are not identified, create appellations for unknown generic groups to which works with unknown attributions may be linked. Make a generic appellation that includes the word “unknown” and the culture or nationality (e.g., unknown Maya). Alternatively, include broad dates (e.g., unknown 18th-century French).

Corporate bodies

Generally include the former names as historical names in one record rather than making two records (1) if the corporate body is a historical studio or institution (e.g., Manufacture Royale des Gobelins and Manufacture Nationale des Gobelins are two names in the same record); or (2) if the primary partners have remained the same for a modern firm.

Generally make two separate records (1) if the function or location of the historical corporate body changed with the name change; or (2) if the question involves a modern firm and legal incorporation, the primary partners have changed, and the firm apparently prefers to clearly distinguish its separate incarnations. Link the related corporate bodies (see the Related Person/Corporate Body (28.12) subcategory).

For corporate bodies, do not invert the preferred name. Use abbreviations, including ampersand or initials, if found in authoritative sources (e.g., Adler and Sullivan, but an asterisk in Eero Saarinen & Associates).

English or the vernacular language

For the preferred name for English-language records, use the commonly used English name if warranted by authoritative sources (Raphael in English, Raffaelo in Italian; National Museum in English, Národní Muzeum in Czech). If an English name does not exist or is not warranted by sources, use the vernacular name as the preferred name. Use diacritics as appropriate.

Personal names: Note that most non-English-language personal names do not have an English equivalent. In these instances, use authorized sources; do not invent English translations of names where none is found in the sources.

Corporate body names: Note that most major institutions in non-English-speaking places have an English equivalent for their name. If the English name appears in an authoritative source, including catalogs and Web sites published by the institution itself, use the English name as the preferred name. If you cannot find an English name in an authoritative source, do not invent an English translation; use the vernacular name.

Guide term and facet names

If you use guide terms, create a descriptive phrase. Use lower case, unless the phrase contains a proper name. For facet names, capitalize the name for the sake of clarity in the hierarchical display.

Additional rules

More extensive rules for constructing and formatting personal and corporate body names are found in the “Chapter 3.3: Names” of the Union List of Artist Names: Editorial Guidelines.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free text: This subcategory is free text. The names may be populated by using published sources, including Union List of Artist Names (ULAN), LC Name Authorities, Canadiana Authorities, and Yale British Artists.

DEFINITION

An indication of whether or not the name is the preferred name for the person or corporate body. The preferred name is generally the indexing form of the name that is most commonly found in scholarly literature.

EXAMPLES

• preferred
• variant

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record an indication of which name is preferred for this person or corporate body. The preferred name is the indexing form of the name that is most commonly found in standard authoritative published sources in the language of the catalog record. Use lower case.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use the terms preferred, variant, and others as necessary.

DEFINITION

An indication of the type of name, to be used if the authority is intended to be compliant with standards for thesaurus construction.

EXAMPLES

• descriptor
• alternate descriptor
• used for term

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a term indicating the type of name. This subcategory is intended for use by those who wish for the authority to be compliant with national and international standards for thesaurus construction. Use lower case. For a discussion of the meanings of these terms, as listed in the “Examples” section above, see the Generic Concept Authority (30).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use the terms listed in the “Examples” section above, and others as described in the Generic Concept Authority (30).

DEFINITION

Word(s) or phrase(s) used to clarify or disambiguate a name from another related or similar, yet distinct, name.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: It is rare that a qualifer would be necessary with the name of a person or corporate body. The core Display Biography (28.3) subcategory is typically used in the label to disambiguate homographs.

However, it may be necessary to add a qualifier in very rare cases. For example, if a modern artist assumes a generic or ambiguous appellation that is confusing or unintelligible to end-users. for example, the artist Masakatu Iwamoto calls himself “Mr.” Given that Mr. is a title and, thus, displaying that name alone without qualification would be confusing to end-users, the variant full name may be used as a qualifier for Mr. Use the Other Name Flags (28.2.7) subcategory to flag the pseudonym and the birth name in the record.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This subcategory is free text. Be consistent where possible.

DEFINITION

An indication of the language used for the name, particularly when the name is in a language other than that of the catalog record.

EXAMPLES

• English
• Italian
• Chinese (transliterated Pinyin)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the language of the name, if known from authoritative sources. Capitalize the names of languages.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Control this subcategory with a controlled list. Values may be derived from a source such as Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 14th edition. Barbara F. Grimes, ed. Dallas, Texas: SIL International, 2000. The ISO-639 standard may be used for language codes; however, if ISO codes are used, values must be translated into legible form for end-users.

DEFINITION

Flag indicating the name’s historical status.

EXAMPLES

• current
• historical

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Use this flag to indication whether the name is current or historical. Use lower case.

Use primarily for corporate bodies whose names have changed. It is generally not necessary to distinguish current and historical names for individuals.

Note that this flag records the historical status of a particular name only, not of the person or corporate body represented in the record.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use a controlled list with terms current, historical, and others if necessary.

DEFINITION

Flag designating whether or not the name is to be used in natural order displays or in an alphabetical list.

EXAMPLES

• index
• display
• not applicable

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Flag the natural order form of the preferred name, to be used in wall labels and other displays, as _display (e.g., _Christopher Wren). Flag the inverted form of the name, to be used in alphabetical lists and indexes, as index (e.g., Wren, Christopher). There may be only one display name and one index name per record.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use a controlled list with terms index, display, not applicable, and others if necessary.

DEFINITION

Flags designating an official name, pseudonym, and other special name designations for the person or corporate body.

EXAMPLES

• official name
• pseudonym
• birth name
• not applicable

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record an indication of the name’s special status, as necessary. Use lower case.

The official name is generally an inverted full form of the name, including titles. For the official names of people, use standard, general encyclopedias. For the official names of corporate bodies, use the Web site or other official publication of the corporate body, if possible. Official name is generally used for either the long version of the name, including titles (e.g., Baron, as in Theodor Caspar, Baron von Furstenberg) or the long version of a corporate body’s name.

Use the pseudonym flag for a nickname or pseudonym, such as Masaccio or Le Corbusier.

Use the birth name flag only when an artist has changed his or her name, to indicate the name given at birth, a maiden name, or other name(s) by which the artist was originally known. For example, Jeanneret, Charles Édouard is the birth name for the artist Le Corbusier.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use a controlled list with terms official name, pseudonym, birth name, not applicable, and others if necessary.

DEFINITION

A reference to a bibliographic source or unpublished document that provides the warrant for a particular name.

EXAMPLES

• Bénézit Dictionary of Artists: English Edition (2006)
• Grove Dictionary of Art (1996)
• Thieme-Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der Kunstler (1980-1986)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Required: Record the source(s) used for the name. In order to be a source, the name should have been translated precisely, retaining the diacritics, capitalization, and punctuation of the source.

For a full set of rules, see Citations for Sources (27.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Authority: Ideally, this information is controlled by citations in the citations authority; see Related Textual References (27).

RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS

Sources may also be recorded for Person/Corporate Body Descriptive Note (28.15), and for the authority record in general in Citations (28.17).

DEFINITION

Page number, volume, date accessed for Web sites, and any other information indicating where in the source the name was found.

EXAMPLES

• 54
• 23 ff.
• 7:128

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: For a full set of rules for pages, see Page (27.1.1).

FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Use consistent syntax and format.

DEFINITION

A description of the date or range of dates when a particular name was in use for the person or corporate body; to be used only when name use was significant, not to simply record the dates of use of a name given at birth.

EXAMPLES

• after 1765
• late 1st century BCE
• until 1986
• Crabeth’s ‘bent-name’ given by the Schildersbent
• name used in some documents during his lifetime
• knighted in 1629
• pseudonym adopted in 1920
• married name, from 1903

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the dates or date range when a name was used. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.

Note that this field records the date of a particular name only, not of the person or corporate body represented in the record.

Enter dates for person’s or corporate body’s names only when the date is significant. If it is simply the name that an artist had for his or her entire life, do not include the date. Examples of significant dates for names include the following:

• For nicknames or pseudonyms, include dates for the appellation by which an artist was known during a portion of his or her life.
• For married names, include dates for the period of the marriage. Dates may also be included for any other legal name changes made by the artist.
• For corporate bodies that have changed their names over time, include dates during which a particular name was used.

Form and syntax

In this free-text Name Date (28.2.9) field, record a phrase referring to a year, a span of years, or period that describes the specific or approximate date in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. Index this free-text date with Earliest Date (28.2.9.1) and Latest Date (28.2.9.2) subcategories delimiting the appropriate span. If the name is still in use to refer to this person, the end date should be “9999” (not the death date of the person). The Name Date (28.2.9) may contain a note that does not refer to a date per se, but it must still be indexed with Earliest Date (28.2.9.1) and Latest Date (28.2.9.2).

Follow other rules for display dates in Creation Date (4.2).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax where possible. Index the dates in the controlled Earliest Date (28.2.9.1) and Latest Date (28.2.9.2) subcategories.

DEFINITION

The earliest date on which a particular name was used.

EXAMPLES

• 1877
• 1670
• 1950

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by or implied in the display Name Date (28.2.8) subcategory.

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Earliest Date (28.2.9.1); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Latest Date (28.2.9.2). Follow rules for dates in Earliest Date (4.2.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The latest date on which a particular name was used, which is generally not the same as the death date for a person or date of dissolution of a corporate body.

EXAMPLES

• 1901
• 1675
• 9999

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the lastest year indicated by or implied in the display Name Date (28.2.8) subcategory.

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Earliest Date (28.2.9.1); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Latest Date (28.2.9.2). Follow rules for dates in Latest Date (4.2.2).

Note that this is they last year when the name was used, which is generally “9999”, not the death date of the person or date of dissolution of the corporate body.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

A description of the individual’s or corporate body’s nationality, professional roles, and dates.

EXAMPLES

• English architect, 1632-1723
• Japanese printmaker and painter, 1760-1849
• Sienese painter, active by 1353, died 1410 (1409 Sienese Style)
• American art museum, established in 1937
• French architectural studio, established in first quarter of 20th century
• Kenyan craftsman, ca. 1865-ca. 1905
• Maya vase painter, 17th century
• Egyptian carver, reign of King Narmer (reigned from ca. 3150 BCE )

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Required: Record a concise statement designating the biographical details of the person or corporate body, to be used in displays with the preferred name. Express nuance and uncertainty as necessary.

Form and syntax

List information in the following order for a person: nationality, life role(s), comma, birth and death dates. For a corporate body, list analogous information in the same order: national affiliation, term indicating function, and dates of establishment and dissolution. In a span of dates, list birth date (start date), dash, death date (end date). Include all digits for both years in a span (e.g., 1831-1890, not 1831-90). Do not use an apostrophe (e.g., 1350s or 1900s, not 1350’s or 1900’s). If ca. applies to both years in a date span, repeat it with the second year for clarity (e.g., ca. 1720-ca. 1785).

If “probably” or other indications of uncertainty are included, change the order and syntax as necessary for clarity (e.g., sculptor, probably Polynesian, 19th century).

Capitalize nationality, culture, place names, period names, or other proper nouns. Use lower case for all other words. Avoid abbreviations, except the word circa (ca.), the numbers in century or dynasty designations (e.g., 17th century), and BCE and CE.

Nationality vs. place of activity

Generally, list the artist’s or corporate body’s national affiliation. This should be the adjectival form of a current or historical nation (e.g., Belgian for a modern artist, Flemish for a medieval artist from the same region). Generally, do not list the cities of birth and death, or the locations of corporate bodies, unless they are significant or unusually important (these are indexed in separate fields, but not recorded here).

Include place of activity if nationality is unknown or if place of activity is different than nationality. Use natural word order (e.g., Mexican mosaicist, active ca. 1820-ca. 1840 or British publishing house, 19th century, active primarily in India).

Display dates

List dates as years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar, which is the calendar produced by extending the Gregorian calendar to dates preceding its official introduction. If another calendar is referenced, also include the date in the Gregorian calendar (e.g., Persian weaver, died 946 anno Hegirae (1540 CE)). Use BCE (Before Current Era) and CE (Current Era) if the year alone would be confusing or ambiguous to the end user (e.g., Roman emperor and patron, 63 BCE-14 CE). Avoid using BC and AD.

Uncertainty

Avoid phrasing the text in a way that can be confusing or ambiguous. Clearly indicate uncertain or ambiguous information, including approximate dates, by using ca. (circa) and qualifiers such as probably (e.g., Attic vase painters, active ca. 585-ca. 570 BCE). The availability of dates often depends upon the type of record keeping emphasized during different historical periods. For example, the dates of ceremonies surrounding baptism or burial may be recorded in early European church documents, though the actual dates of birth and death are not. Dates of activity may be defined by archival records of an artist’s guild registration or earliest documented commission. Care should be taken to explain the context of such dates unambiguously (e.g., for François Mansart, baptized 23 January 1598, died 23 October 1666). If the date is expressed according to systems other than the Gregorian calendar, this fact should be explained unambiguously (e.g., for Bartolo di Fredi, born ca. 1330-buried 26 January 1410 [1409 in Sienese calendar]).

If only either the birth/start date or death/end date is known, or for living artists or extant corporate bodies for whom death/end date is not applicable, clearly indicate the meaning of the single date known by using born or died for persons (e.g., African sculptor, died 1978 or Japanese photographer, born 1963), or other terms appropriate to corporate bodies (e.g., Canadian architectural firm, established 1931).

If necessary, dates may be expressed in terms of the century or period during which the person lived or the corporate body existed (e.g., Croatian scribe, 12th century or Chinese sculptor, Han dynasty or Central American textile maker, pre-Columbian). Alternatively, when the lifespan is unknown, the dates of activity are used to describe the period during which the person or group of individuals worked (e.g., flourished second half 9th century or active ca. 1210-1260).

Anonymous persons

For an anonymous person, or for any other person or corporate body where biographical information is unknown or incomplete, record the deduced nationality or locus of activity and approximate dates of activity (e.g., Italian painter, active 1330s-1340s or sculptor, probably Spanish, active 18th century in California).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free text: This subcategory is free text, but consistent use of syntax and punctuation is highly recommended.

RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS

This display biography will be used with the preferred Person/Corporate Body Name (28.2) to create a Person/Corporate Body Label/Identification (28.14) for the person or corporate body in displays.

Use controlled fields to index important biographical information, including nationality, life roles, and birth and death dates for persons. Index the analogous elements for corporate bodies.

DEFINITION

The date when the person was born, or when a corporate body came into existence. If only the date of first activity is known, or if the date of birth is uncertain or approximate, this is the earliest possible or estimated year when the artist was born or the corporate body came into existence.

EXAMPLES

• 1632
• 1330

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Required: Record the earliest possible year when the person was born or when a corporate body was established or came into existence.

Terminology and Syntax

Record the year of birth and death (or of founding and dissolution) using the proleptic Gregorian calendar.⁸ For indexing dates BCE, use negative numbers. Use four digits for most years. If possible, for years that require fewer than four digits, follow the ISO and W3 standards, which suggest inserting leading zeroes (e.g., 0350).

For Birth Date (28.4) and Death Date (28.5) for retrieval, estimate years by adding or subtracting years for expressions such as ca. or possibly. If only dates of activity are known, or if the dates of birth or death are uncertain or approximate, record Birth Dates (28.4) and Death Dates (28.5)S that are the earliest and latest possible delimiters of a person’s lifespan or a corporate body’s existence. Estimations are appropriate because these dates are controlled for search-and-retrieval, and should not be displayed to the end user.

For uncertain dates of birth, estimate the year broadly using available information about the artist or his oeuvre or other available data. Conventions may be established, for example, a display date of ca. 1550 may be indexed by subtracting five years for retrieval in Birth Date (28.4). A broad estimated life-span of 100 or 120 years could be used in estimating Birth Dates (28.4) and Death Date (28.5). For example, if only the death date of 1716 is known, the Birth Dates (28.4) could be indexed as 1616.

Conventions used to describe approximate dates vary between fields of study, and often between different experts within a single field. For example, ca. 1500 could express a 10-year span span to an expert in Renaissance art, while ca. 3000 BCE could express a much broader span to an expert in Archaic Egyptian art.

For ca., estimate Birth Dates (28.4) and Death Date (28.5) by adding or subtracting ten years (or more or fewer years, as appropriate, based on your source). For example, if the display biography states born ca. 1620 or established ca. 1620, the Birth Dates (28.4) and Death Date (28.5) could be estimated by subtracting ten years, 1610. If no better information is available, estimate the greatest likely life span as 100 or 120 years for the life of a person (e.g., if only the death date is known, for the Display Biography (28.3): American illustrator, died 1896, BIRTH DATE: 1796, DEATH DATE: 1896), or as the beginning and end dates of centuries.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The date when the person died, or when a corporate body ceased to exist. If only the date of last activity is known, or if the date of death is uncertain or approximate, this is the latest possible or estimated year when the artist died or the corporate body ceased to exist.

EXAMPLES

• 1723
• 1410

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Required: Record the earliest possible year when the person died or when the corporate body was dissolved.

Format and syntax

Record the year of birth and death (or of founding and dissolution) using the proleptic Gregorian calendar. See the rules at Birth Dates (28.4) above.

Birth Date (28.4) and Death Date (28.5) are required. Do not leave the Death Date (28.5) (or date of dissolution of a corporate body) blank for living persons or extant corporate bodies, or consequently these records will not be available for retrieval by date spans. Use estimated 100- or 120-year life spans for people, and 9999 for the Death Date (28.5)/year of dissolution for corporate bodies. For example, for the Display Biography (28.3): Sri Lankan architect, born 1921, Birth Date (28.4): 1921, Death Date (28.5): 2021; for Display Biography (28.3): American art museum, founded 1923, Birth Date (28.4): 1923, Death Date (28.5): 9999.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The geographic place where the person was born, or the location where the corporate body was established. For the headquarters or permanent location of the corporate body, use Event: location.

EXAMPLES

• East Knoyle (Wiltshire, England)
• Siena (Tuscany, Italy)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the noun form of the place name indicating where a person was born or the corporate body was established. Use this subcategory for corporate bodies only if the place of dissolution differs from the place that was the permanent headquarters of the corporate body. For the headquarters or permanent location of the corporate body, record it in Person/Corporate Body Event (28.11), using the value location

Form and syntax

For guidelines regarding the format and syntax of geographic place names, see the Place/Location Authority (28).

Record the location to the most specific level known (or appropriate). Generally, it is appropriate to note the city and nation. A neighborhood of a big city may be used instead, if appropriate.

However, it is often difficult to pinpoint the precise location where a person was born or died, and a more general area may be recorded. The name of the region, Tuscany, could be used rather than the name of a specific city; for example, John Singer Sargent was born in Florence (e.g., Florence (Tuscany, Italy). ⁹ For Rogier van der Weyden, the place of birth is known with less specificity and less certainty; based on his name, it may be supposed that he was born in a region of Flanders. ¹⁰ If you know only the nation, there is no need to record it here unless it differs from the nation referred to in the Person Nationality/Culture/Race (28.8) subcategory.

Though you must record the modern name of a city here (e.g., Bodrum (Mugla province, Turkey)), you should make reference to the historical name in the Display Biography (28.3) subcategory or the Descriptive Note (18) category in order to avoid anachronisms. For example, Descriptive Note (18): He was born in Halicarnassus, Caria, Asia Minor (now Bodrum, Turkey).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Authority: Control this subcategory with the Place/Location Authority (28) as necessary. Populate the authorities with terminology from the Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN), NGA and USGS, Canadiana Authorities, and LC Name Authorities.

DEFINITION

The geographic place where the person died, or the location where the corporate body last existed or was headquartered. For the headquarters or permanent location of the corporate body, record location in the Person/Corporate Body Event(28.11) subcategory.

EXAMPLES

• Columbus (Indiana, United States)
• San Gimignano (Tuscany, Italy)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the noun form of the place name indicating where a person was born or the corporate body was dissolved. Use this subcategory for corporate bodies only if the place of establishment differs from the place that was the permanent headquarters of the corporate body. For the headquarters or permanent location of the corporate body, record it in Person/Corporate Body Event (28.11), using the value location.

Form and syntax

For guidelines regarding the format and syntax of geographic place names, see the Place/Location Authority (28)

Record the location to the most specific level known (or appropriate). See the rules under the Birth Place (28.6) subcategory, described above.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Authority: Control this subcategory with the Place/Location Authority (28) as necessary. Populate the authorities with terminology from the Thesarus of Geographic Names (TGN), NGA and USGS, Canadiana Authorities, and LC Name Authorities.

DEFINITION

The person’s or corporate body’s national, geopolitical, cultural, or ethnic origins or affiliation.

EXAMPLES

• English
• Sienese
• Berber
• African American

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Required: Record a term referring to the person’s or corporate body’s national, geopolitical, cultural, or ethnic origins or affiliation. This element does not refer only to nationality in a modern, legal sense.

Form and syntax

Record the adjectival name form of a nation, place name, culture, or ethnic group.

Record a designation at the level of nation (e.g., Italian) or a broad culture (e.g., Native American). If known, for broad culture, also include a more specific designation. For example, record Sioux or Lakota in addition to Native American, or Florentine in addition to Italian.

Include a historical nationality when warranted. For example, for a 14th-century artist from Brussels, it is common practice in the discipline of Medieval art history to list the nationality as Flemish rather than Belgian, because Belgium was not a nation until the 19th century. If appropriate for a specific discipline, include a more specific designation in addition to the modern nation (e.g., both Sienese and Italian, for a 14th-century artist).

If the person was active in two nations, or if the nationality is uncertain and two nationalities are possible, include both. For example, for the Display Biography (28.3): Chinese architect, 1898-1967, naturalized American; Person Nationality/Culture/Race (28.8): Chinese | American, or Display Biography (28.3): Dutch or German printmaker, 16th century; Person Nationality/Culture/Race (28.8): Dutch | German)

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list or authority: Use the Generic Concept Authority (30) or a controlled list of terms. Published sources of terminology include “Chapter 4.7, Appendix G: Nationalities and Places” of the Union List of Artist Names: Editorial Guidelines; terms in this source are derived from the Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) and the Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN).

DEFINITION

An indication of whether the Person Nationality/Culture/Race(28.8) is preferred or non preferred for this person or corporate body.

EXAMPLES

• preferred
• non preferred

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record an indication of which nationality is preferred for this person or corporate body. Use lower case. This is the default nationality that will appear in concatenated displays and lists.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use the terms preferred, non preferred, and others as necessary.

DEFINITION

A more specific indication of the type of values recorded in the Person Nationality/Culture/Race(28.8) subcategory.

EXAMPLES

• nationality/citizenship
• culture
• race/ethnicity

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a term indicating what specific kind of Person Nationality/Culture/Race (28.8) term is recorded. Use lower case.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use terms listed in the “Examples” section above, and others as required.

DEFINITION

The sex of the individual; generally not applicable to corporate bodies.

EXAMPLES

• male
• female
• unknown

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the individual’s sex; it is not applicable to corporate bodies. Record whether the person is male or female, if known. If sex is unknown or not recorded by a given institution, record unknown. Use lower case.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use the terms listed in the “Examples” section above, and others if required.

DEFINITION

The major professional roles played by the person throughout his or her lifetime, or the major roles that define the activities or purpose of the corporate body.

EXAMPLES

• painter
• sculptor
• goldsmith
• printmaker
• illuminator
• architect
• author
• pope
• publisher
• architectural firm
• religious order
• art academy

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Required: Record terms noting the major professional roles played by the individual throughout his or her lifetime, or the major functions or roles that define the activities or purpose of the corporate body. It is required to record at least one life role for each person or corporate body. If only one life role is provided it should be the representative or most important life role for the person or corporate body from the point of view of their artistic production.

Form and syntax

Use lower case. Record multiple life roles for one person or corporate body in repeating instances of this subcategory

Use the most specific life role/function applicable, if known (i.e., painter rather than artist, or art museum rather than institution). A single artist may have multiple roles, including some very specific roles. For example, roles for one artist could include painter, watercolorist, and portraitist. If an artist has multiple major professional roles representing multiple activities (e.g., architect, engineer, urban planner), or if a corporate body had multiple primary functions, include them all.

It is recommended that the primary entry in this subcategory represents the person’s or corporate body’s most important life role in terms of his creative production. The primary terms artist, architect, and architectural firm are recommended for creators. Additional roles should describe the specialization of the artist (e.g., painter, goldsmith, military engineer, landscape architects). Additional roles should also represent a person’s or corporate body’s major life roles, including roles that are not specifically related to the creation of art. For example, the life roles of Vitruvius would be architect, architectural theorist, and author.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list or authority: Use the Generic Concept Authority (30) or a controlled list of terms. Published sources of terminology include “Chapter 4.6, Appendix F: Roles” of the _Union List of Artist Names: Editorial Guidelines; terms in this source are derived from the Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT).

DEFINITION

An indication of whether the person’s or corporate body’s role is preferred or non preferred.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Flag one role in each record as “preferred.” Use lower case.

As with preferred names, a preferred role is used as a default to create displays. Choose the role that represents the most important or most inclusive role of the person’s career or the corporate body’s function. For example, if the artist is a painter, draftsman, and sculptor, make the preferred role artist, and add the other roles as non preferred.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use the terms preferred and non preferred. Others may be added if necessary.

DEFINITION

A description of the date or range of dates when the role was relevant.

EXAMPLES

• after 1638
• beginning ca. 1910
• under 'Abbas (reigned 1588-1629)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the dates or date range when a role was relevant. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.

Form and syntax

Follow rules for display dates in the Creation Date (4.2) subcategory.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax where possible. Index the dates in the controlled Earliest Date (28.10.2.1) and Latest Date (28.10.2.2) subcategories.

DEFINITION

The earliest date when the role was relevant.

EXAMPLES

• 1666
• 1353

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by or implied in the display Role Date (28.10.2) subcategory.

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Earliest Date (28.10.2.1); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Latest Date (28.10.2.1). Follow rules for dates in Earliest Date (28.10.2.2).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The latest date when the role was relevant.

EXAMPLES

• 1723
• 1410

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by or implied in the display Role Date (28.10.2) subcategory.

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Earliest Date (28.10.2.1); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Earliest Date (28.10.2.2). Follow rules for dates in Latest Date (4.2.2).

To allow successful retrieval when recording Latest Date (28.10.2.2) for living persons or extant corporate bodies, it is strongly recommended that you enter 9999 or another appropriate value rather than leaving the subcategory blank.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

Terminology referring to a critical event, activity, state/status, or situation in the person’s life or the corporate body’s history. For example, events can include active;baptism (e.g., when the Birth Date(28.4) is unknown); participation in competitions; or location (i.e., flourished). Events must be accompanied by a date or a geographic place.

EXAMPLES

• active
• location
• documented
• flourished
• baptism
• burial

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record terminology referring to a critical event, activity, state or status, or situation in the person’s life or the corporate body’s history. Events must be accompanied by a date or location.

Form and syntax

Use lower case. Use event terms as defined below:

Birth or death dates unknown, or as otherwise required

These events should be reserved for information that is not apparent in other subcategories, often because it is unavailable and has been estimated in the other required categories. Do not include active (with the mandatory places or dates) and other events below for information that is ordinary and obvious. For example, do not include the event active unless it is significant and unusual, as when an artist is active only late in life (e.g., Grandma Moses) or is active in a place other than the place implied in the Person Nationality/Culture/Race (28.8) subcategory; that is, do not use these subcategories if you can satisfactorily record the proper in Birth Place (28.6)and Death Place (28.7) subcategories.

• Active: For dates or places of artistic activity, if necessary. Refers to artistic activity only. For other cases, use the term flourished. Do not include this and other events with places, or dates that are obvious.

• Documented: For dates or places when an artist or corporate body was first mentioned in documentation, if necessary.

• Flourished: For dates or places associated with the artist or corporate body, if necessary; only use when the term active does not apply because artistic activity did not take place.

• Baptised: For the date when a person was baptized, used when the actual date of birth is unknown.

• Burial: For the date when a person was buried, used when the actual date of death is unknown.

• Exhibited: For dates when an artist’s work was exhibited, generally used only when life dates are unknown.

• Commission granted: For dates documenting an artist’s receipt of a commission, generally used only when life dates are unknown. In rare cases, it may otherwise be used for extraordinarily important commissions.

• Wedding: For dates of an artist’s marriage, generally only when life dates are unknown. If the spouse is in Person/Corporate Authority (28), do not use this event term; instead make the link in the Related Person/Corporate Body (28.12) subcategory.

• Ordination: For dates when a clergyman was ordained, generally used only when life dates are unknown.

• Location: Use for the geographic locations of corporate bodies. You must include a place; do not include a date. For example, for the corporate body Adler and Sullivan, record Person/Corporate Body Event (28.11): location, Event Place (28.11.2): Chicago (Illinois, United States). Generally, used for corporate bodies only. In the rare case when you need to refer specifically to the founding location of a corporate body (as when it was founded in one place and dissolved in another), use the Birth Place (28.6) subcategory instead. For persons, use the event flourished or active instead of location.

Changing national affiliation

Use to record locations other than places of birth and death, specifically those dealing with a person’s or corporate body’s national affiliation. Dates may also be included. Again, do not use these event types if the information is evident in other fields. For example, do not use the event citizenship if it simply duplicates the primary Person Nationality/Culture/Race (28.8) recorded for the person.

• Citizenship: For the new place of citizenship and dates.

• Naturalization: For the new place of naturalized citizenship and dates, or for the new place where a corporate body has relocated and dates. May also be used for a person when immigration is not appropriate.

• Immigration: For the new place where a person has immigrated and dates.

Critical professional events

This short list of critical professional events may be used, even when life dates are known. The place and dates for the event must be included. You may name the specific school, prize, or honor in the Event Date (28.11.1) subcategory. For professional roles, use the Life Roles (28.10) subcategory.

• Education: For the place, dates, and school (in Event Date (28.11.1)) associated with the artist’s education.

• Participated in competition: For the place, dates, and name of a competition, recorded in Event Date (28.11.1). Use only for pivotal and important competitions.

• Winner of contest/prize: For the place, dates, and name of a prize (in Event Date (28.11.1)). Use only for pivotal and important prizes.

• Coronation: For dates when a ruler began his or her reign. This event may be used even when life dates are known.

• Honor/position received: For the place, dates, and name of an honor (in Event Date (28.11.1)). Use only for pivotal and important honors. Do not use this event if you can index the honor or position by using Life Roles (28.10) instead.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list or authority: Use the Generic Concept Authority (30) or a controlled list of terms. Published sources of terminology include “Chapter 3.7: Events” of the _Union List of Artist Names: Editorial Guidelines; terms in this source are derived from the Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT).

DEFINITION

A description of the date or range of dates when either the event took place or the state, status, or situation was in effect.

EXAMPLES

• ca. 1635-1638
• he won the Prix de Rome in 1791
• she began painting late in life, ca. 1910

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the dates or date range when an event or status happened or was in effect. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.

The display date may be used to explain an event, not only a date per se. For example, it may explain which prize was won by the artist. For example, Person/Corporate Body Event (28.11): winner of contest/prize, Event Place (28.11.2): Paris (France), Event Date (28.11.1): he won the Prix de Rome in 1791, Earliest Date (28.11.1.1): 1791, Latest Date (28.11.1.2): 1795. Given that the Earliest Date (28.11.1.1) and Latest Date (28.11.1.2) subcategories are required if this Event Date (28.11.1) subcategory is used, estimate appropriate dates for this event. In the example above, the winner holds the Prix de Rome for four years.

Form and syntax

Follow rules for display dates in Creation Date (4.2).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax where possible. Index the dates in the controlled Earliest Date (28.11.1.1) and Latest Date (28.11.1.2) subcategories.

DEFINITION

The earliest date applicable to the event.

EXAMPLES

• 1666
• 1353

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by or implied in the display Event Date (28.11.1) subcategory.

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Earliest Date (28.11.1.1); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Latest Date (28.11.1.2). Follow rules for dates in Earliest Date (4.2.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The latest date applicable to the event.

EXAMPLES

• 1723
• 1410

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by or implied in the display Event Date (28.11.1) subcategory.

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Latest Date (28.11.1.2); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Earliest Date (28.11.1.1). Follow rules for dates in Latest Date (4.2.2).

To allow for successful retrieval when recording dates of activity for a person’s or corporate body’s Latest Date (28.11.1.2), it is strongly recommended that you enter 9999 or another appropriate value rather than leaving the subcategory blank.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The geographic place where the event took place or the state or status (e.g., location) was in effect.

EXAMPLES

• London (England)
• Siena (Italy)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the name of the geographic place in which the event took place.

Form and syntax

Capitalize proper names; include the names of broader contexts. Follow rules for places in the Current Location (21) category.

Do not record places of birth and death for a person here, or the establishment and dissolution of a corporate body. Record those dates in Birth Place (28.6) and Death Place (28.5) subcategories.

Note that the names of historical nations should be indexed in Person/Corporate Body Event (28.11) (e.g., Flanders). However, the rules differ for historical names of cities. If the artist was active (or another event applies) in a city for which the name has since changed, index the this subcategory with the modern name rather than the historical name. To explain such name discrepancies, use the Person/Corporate Body Descriptive Note (28.15) or the Event Date (28.11.1) subcategories.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Authority: Control this subcategory with the Place/Location Authority (28), which can be populated with terminology from the Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN), LC Subject Headings, and Canadiana Authorities.

DEFINITION

The identification of any people or corporate bodies who are professionally important to the person or corporate body being cataloged, including student/teacher relationships; relationships between family members who are creators; or relationships between a firm or studio and its members.

EXAMPLES

• Gao Qifeng (Chinese painter, 1889-1935)
• Stiattesi, Pietro (Italian painter, active 17th century)
• Eyck, Barth$00elemy d’ (Netherlandish painter, active in France, documented 1444, died ca. 1476)
• Adler & Sullivan (American architectural firm, founded in 1883)
• Oak Park Studio (American architectural firm, established ca. 1896, dissolved 1909)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Identify the related person or corporate body. It is optional to record related people and corporate bodies, but if they are recorded, you must record a label identifying them. Ideally this is generated from a link to the related Person/ Corporate Body Authority (28) record.

This subcategory records associative relationships to other persons and corporate bodies in the Person/ Corporate Body Authority (28), particularly any important ties or connections between persons or corporate bodies. For corporate bodies, exclude any hierarchical whole/part relationships, unless local practice requires the recording of whole/part relationships in this subcategory. See the Person/Corporate Body Broader Context (28.13) subcategory below.

Form and syntax

Use consistent syntax and punctuation for the label identifying the related person or corporate body. For display, follow the “Examples” section above, using the preferred Person/Corporate Body Name (28.2) and Display Biography (28.3) subcategories in parentheses, as described in Person/Corporate Body Label/Identification (28.14).

Make associative relationships only when a clear and direct relationship exists, as when the following conditions occur:

Confusion between two persons or corporate bodies

If there is a significant possibility that two persons or corporate bodies may be confused because they have historically been confused or the identities of the artists may be the same (e.g., an anonymous artist is possibly identified as a named artist), link them in this Related Person/Corporate Body (28.12) subcategory.

Homographs

If the only cause of potential confusion is that the artists have the same or similar names, do not link them in this subcategory unless they are members of the same family. In most cases, the Display Biography (28.3) of the artists will be enough to distinguish them. In the rare case that there has been historical confusion between the two people or corporate bodies, describe the issue regarding their similar names in the Descriptive Note (18) category.

Student/teacher relationships

Include major student/teacher relationships for the artist, as time and editorial priorities allow.

Members of firms

Link a firm, studio, or manufactory to its members. If you link one member to a firm, you should link all of the major members to the firm.

Families

For artists and major patrons, link members of families to each other, provided the family members are artists or otherwise important to cataloging works. If you link one artist to any family member, you should link him or her to all of their prominent family members. If family members do not warrant addition to the authority, discuss them in the Descriptive Note (18) category instead, if necessary.

AlternativeLY, or additionally, make a separate corporate body record for the family per se, if it is a major family of artists or patrons. Link the members to the family record. You will generally need to construct a name for the family (e.g., Brueghel family), because the name will rarely be found in a source.

Variant names vs. separate records for persons

If scholarly opinion is divided as to whether or not one person is the same artist as another, make separate records for each artist and link them with relationship type possibly identified with. This typically occurs with anonymous masters or other artists whose identity is in question. For example, Barthélemy d’ Eyck is possibly, but not firmly, identified with Master of King René of Anjou, so separate records should be made for each artist. If scholars generally agree that both identities represent a single artist, make only one record for the person and include the other names as variant names rather than making two records and linking them through associative relationships (e.g., for Robert Campin who was formerly known as the anonymous Master of Flémalle).

Variant names vs. separate records for corporate bodies

If one firm or corporate body is the historical counterpart to a later firm (both may have similar names), either include the historical names in a single record or link separate records in this Related Person/Corporate Body (28.12) subcategory, depending upon the circumstances

Generally include former names in one record for the entity rather than making two records (1) if the entity is a historical studio or institution (e.g., Manufacture Royale des Gobelins and Manufacture Nationale des Gobelins are two names in the same record), or (2) if the primary partners have remained the same for a modern firm.

Generally make two records: (1) for historical entities, if the function or location of the historical entity changed with the name change, or (2) if the question involves a modern firm and legal incorporation; the primary partners have changed; and the firm apparently prefers to clearly distinguish its separate incarnations.

Corporate Bodies: Hierarchical vs. Associative Relationships

For corporate bodies, do not make associative relationships when hierarchical relationships are more appropriate. For the administrative subdivisions of institutions, manufactories and other entities, use hierarchical relationships rather than this subcategory, which is for associative relationships only.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

System generated: Ideally, this should be generated from various fields in the related Person/Corporate Body Authority (28) record.

Free-text: If this is a free-text field, index the information in the pertinent controlled subcategories elsewhere in the related record.

DEFINITION

An indication of the type of relationship between the person or corporate body and the related person or corporate body, as recorded in the Related Person/Corporate Body(28.12) subcategory.

EXAMPLES

• apprentice of
• student of
• teacher of
• member of
• client of
• patron of
• succeeded
• partner in
• brother of
• father of
• daughter of
• wife of
• son of
• sister of
• mother of
• husband of

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: It is optional to record related people and corporate bodies, but if they are recorded, it is highly recommended to use this subcategory to identify the type of relationship between them.

Form and syntax

Use lower case. For a list of terms and their definitions, see “Chapter 3.5: Associative Relationships” of the Union List of Artist Names: Editorial Guidelines.

This subcategory describes relationships that go from the subject of the record to the related entity. For example, if you are making a record for Jan Brueghel the younger, you would note his relationship with his father by recording that he has the Person Relationship Type (28.12.1) son of, and the related entity would be Jan Brueghel the elder. The relationships are reciprocal. In the record of Jan Brueghel the elder, the reciprocal relationship would be recorded with the Person Relationship Type (28.12.1) father of.

If a firm changes its name to include different members, these are probably two distinct firms, and it is recommended to create separate authority records for them. However, they should be linked through relationships. To record relationships between corporate bodies that are related through evolution, as when a firm incorporates with new partners, use Person Relationship Type (28.12.1) succeeded and preceded to label these relationships between firms.

If it is impossible to record Person/Corporate Body Broader Context (28.13) due to technical limitations, record hierarchical relationships between corporate bodies (as between the parent company and individual divisions or departments) here using Person Relationship Type (28.12.1) part of and broader context for. For example, in the record for Feature Animation, Person Relationship Type (28.12.1) is part of, and the related entity is Disney Studios.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Control these terms with a controlled list. A published source of terminology may be found in “Chapter 3.5: Associative Relationships” of the Union List of Artist Names: Editorial Guidelines.

DEFINITION

A description of the date or range of dates associated with the relationship between the person or corporate body being cataloged and the related person or corporate body, as recorded in the Related Person/Corporate Body(28.12) subcategory.

EXAMPLES

• from 1310
• 17th century
• 15th century

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a description of the dates or date range when the relationship was in place. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.

Form and syntax

Follow the applicable rules for display dates in the Creation Date (4.2) subcategory.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax where possible. Index the dates in the controlled Earliest Date (28.12.2.1) and Latest Date (28.12.2.2) subcategories.

DEFINITION

The earliest date when the relationship could have been in place.

EXAMPLES

• 1420
• 900

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by the display Person Relationship Type (28.12.1) subcategory.

Form and syntax

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Earliest Date (28.12.2.1); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Latest Date (28.12.2.2). Follow the applicable rules for dates in Earliest Date (4.2.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The latest date when the relationship could have been in place.

EXAMPLES

• 1623
• 1521
• 9999

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the latest year indicated by the display Person Relationship Date (28.12.2) subcategory.

Form and syntax

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Latest Date (28.12.2.2); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Earliest Date (28.12.2.1). Follow the applicable rules for dates in Latest Date (4.2.2).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

An identification of the broader contexts for the corporate body, relevant only if the corporate body is administratively part of the larger entity. Ideally this is a hierarchical link. Not applicable to records for individual people.

EXAMPLES

• Gobelins (French craftsmen’s factory, established in 1662, closed in 20th century)
• National Gallery of Art (American art museum, established in 1937) (Washington, DC, United States)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: If the corporate body being cataloged is part of a larger entity, indicate the broader context for this corporate body. That is, record the hierarchical (whole/part) relationships between the corporate body being cataloged and its “parent” (a term referring to thesaural relationships).

This subcategory is required, when applicable. There may be multiple hierarchical relationships (polyhierarchical). Identify the larger context (parent) required to construct the hierarchical (whole/part) relationships between a subject and another place. Position the subject under the most specific parent possible

Note that this authority is not for the purpose of building family trees; therefore, individual persons should not have hierarchical relationships. If members of a family are important for cataloging works of art, partial family trees should be represented as associative relationships in the Related Person/Corporate Body (28.12) subcategory by using other appropriate associative Person Relationship Type (28.12.1) (e.g., father of, son of, mother of, daughter of, grandfather of, etc.).

Form and syntax

Ideally this is a hierarchical link. For display, follow the “Examples” section above, using the preferred using the preferred Person/Corporate Body Name (28.2) and Display Biography (28.3) subcategories in parentheses, as described in Person/Corporate Body Label/Identification (28.14).

In addition to the label as displayed in the “Examples” section above, the broader contexts may be derived from the hierarchical links and displayed in indented format as in the example below:

• Gobelins, Manufacture Royale des
  …Painting Studio
  …Sculpture Studio
  …Tapestry Manufactory
  …Dye Works
  …Furniture Manufactory
  …Marquetry Studio
  …Pietra Dura Studio
  …Metalwork Studio
  …Engraving Studio

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

System generated: Ideally, this broader context display should be generated from the hierarchical relationships of the authority record linked in the Person/Corporate Body Broader Context (28.13) subcategory.

Ideally, this relationship should be managed by the computer system. The method by which the broader context is noted or linked will be specific to the cataloging, collection management, or editorial system being used. Linking the authority record to its broader context allows hierarchies to be constructed. In the example directly above, the hierarchical relationships are represented by indentation, illustrating a display that will be intelligible to most end users.

Free-text: If generating a display by algorithm is not possible, or if the cataloging institution wants to express nuance that is not possible from an automatically generated string, a free-text field may be used instead.

RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS

Generally, the hierarchical relationship will be a special relationship that is managed separately from associative relationships. However, for some institutions, the whole/part relationships will be recorded only by using “part of” and “broader context for” in the Person Relationship Type (28.12.1) subcategory.

DEFINITION

A description of the date or range of dates associated with the hierarchical relationship between the corporate body being cataloged and the related corporate body.

EXAMPLES

• from 1791
• 18th century
• 11th century through 15th century

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a description of the dates or date range when a hierarchical relationship was relevant. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.

Form and syntax

Follow the applicable rules for display dates in Creation Date (4.2).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax where possible. Index the dates in the controlled Earliest Date (28.13.1.1) and Earliest Date (28.13.1.2) subcategories.

DEFINITION

The earliest date when the hierarchical relationship could have been in placd.

EXAMPLES

• 1420
• 900

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by the display Broader Context Date (28.13.1).

Form and syntax

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Earliest Date (28.13.1.1); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Latest Date (28.13.1.2). Follow the applicable rules for dates in Earliest Date (4.2.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The latest date when the hierarchical relationship could have been in place.

EXAMPLES

• 1623
• 1521
• 9999

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the latest year indicated by the display Broader Context Date (28.13.1).

Form and syntax

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Latest Date (28.13.1.2); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Earliest Date (28.13.1.1). Follow the applicable rules for dates in Latest Date (4.2.2).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

A label or heading used to identify the person or corporate body in displays.

EXAMPLES

• O’Keeffe, Georgia (American painter, 1887-1986)
• Baegert, Derick (German artist, active 1476-1515)Mignard, Pierre, I (French painter and portraitist, 1612-1695)
• Arkesilaos (Greek sculptor, active mid-1st century BCE)
• Charlemagne, King of the Franks (Frankish emperor and patron, 742-814)
• Tenkamenin (King of Ghana, 1037-1075)
• Richard Meier & Partners (American architectural firm, contemporary)
• Metropolitan Museum of Art (American art museum, formed in 1870)

Alternatively, for repositories and other corporate bodies:

• Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, New York, United States)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a label or heading identifying the name and other information about the related person or corporate body to distinguish them from other people and corporate bodies with similar names. Ideally this label is generated from a link to the related person’s or corporate body’s authority record.

Form and syntax

Use consistent syntax and punctuation for the label identifying the person or corporate body. Follow the “Examples” section above, concatenating the preferred Person/Corporate Body Name (28.2) and Display Biography (28.3) subcategories. For example, record Botticelli, Alessandro (Italian painter, 1444/1445-1510), or Bartolo di Fredi, Italian painter, ca. 1330-1410, active in Siena.

Alternatively, devise another scheme for syntax and punctuation for use in various situations.

Labels for various purposes

Labels with the inverted form of the preferred name followed by display biography are suited for alphabetical lists. Note that not all names can be inverted, as discussed above in the Person/Corporate Body Name (28.2) subcategory.

• Borbón, María Luisa Fernanda de (Spanish painter, 1832-1897)
• Bruegel, Pieter, the elder (Flemish painter, ca. 1525-1569)
• Gogh, Vincent van (Dutch painter and draftsman, 1853-1890)
• Kicking Bear (Native American painter, ca. 1846-1904)
• Oak Park Studio (American architectural firm, established ca. 1896, dissolved 1909)

Labels with the natural order form of the preferred name followed by display biography are suited for wall labels, slide labels, and captions.

• María Luisa Fernanda de Borbón (Spanish painter, 1832-1897)
• Pieter Bruegel the Elder (Flemish painter, ca. 1525-1569)
• Vincent van Gogh (Dutch painter and draftsman, 1853-1890)
• Kicking Bear (Native American painter, ca. 1846-1904)
• Oak Park Studio (American architectural firm, established ca. 1896, dissolved 1909)

Labels with the preferred name (in either natural or inverted order, depending upon local preference) followed by a display biography that excludes the life roles may be used locally for display in the Creator Identity (4.1.3) subcategory. Omitting the life roles of the Display Biography (28.3) may be done in this case to avoid end-user confusion, given that a role is already given in this area of the work record within the Creator Role (4.1.4) subcatehory, which is the role specific to this work (not necessarily the same as the life roles of the artist).

• María Luisa Fernanda de Borbón (Spanish, 1832-1897)
• Pieter Bruegel the Elder (Flemish, ca. 1525-1569)
• Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853-1890)
• Kicking Bear (Native American, ca. 1846-1904)
• Oak Park Studio (American, established ca. 1896, dissolved 1909)

Labels for repositories

Label displays for repositories in Repository/Geographic Location (21.2) and other subcategories where repository names are displayed typically differ from label displays for other corporate bodies. Repositories generally should be displayed with the preferred name and the geographic location (Event Place (28.11.2), where event place value = location) rather than with the Display Biography (28.3).

• Capital Museum (Beijing, China)
• Gallerie degli Uffizi (Florence, Italy)
• Louvre (Paris, France)
• National Gallery of Art (London, England)

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

System generated: Ideally, this should be generated from various fields in the related person or corporate body record.

Free-text: If this is a free-text field, index the information in the pertinent controlled subcategories elsewhere in the related record.

DEFINITION

Additional information about the artist, architect, or corporate body, including a discussion of his or her life and artistic development, particularly noting any controversies, presented in a form to be displayed to end users.

EXAMPLES

• Apparently not directly related to the family of earlier Dutch and Flemish artists of the same name.
• Do not confuse with another Spanish painter of the same name who died in 1530.
• The firm was called “James Stewart Polshek and Associates” from its founding in 1962 until 1980, when the name was changed to “James Stewart Polshek and Partners.”
• Born as Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, he adopted the pseudonym “Le Corbusier” in 1920, to be used when he was active as an architect and theorist; he used the pseudonym for his paintings from ca. 1930. He emigrated to France in 1917 and was naturalized in 1930. Born into a family of horologists and enamelers, he studied at Ecole d’Art in Chaux-de-Fonds, but was largely self-taught in painting and architecture through study trips. In the 1920s he emerged as the most important architect of the “International Style” in France. He established the Fondation Le Corbusier in Paris to care for and make available to scholars his library, architectural drawings, sketches, and paintings.
• It was long believed that he was born in Germany, although archival evidence may suggest that he was probably born in Berchem, near Antwerp. In any case, he spent his entire career in Haarlem. He seems not to have used the surname “Berchem” that was adopted by his son, the landscape painter Nicolaes Berchem. He was an important exponent of the ‘ontbijt’ or breakfast piece. Known for his subdued, monochromatic palette and his subtle use of light and texture. His later work became more colorful and decorative.

GENERAL DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a single coherent statement covering some or all of the salient characteristics and historical significance of the person or corporate body. Topics covered in the note may include an explanation of biographical information (e.g., current scholarly opinion regarding an ambiguous birth date or the possible identification of an anonymous artist) or to describe important aspects of the artist’s career or the corporate body’s activities.

Form and syntax

Use natural word order. You may use phrases or complete sentences, but always begin the note with capital letter and end it with a period. Use sentence case (not all capitals or title case). Capitalize proper names. Avoid abbreviations. Write the note in the language of the catalog record (English in the United States). Names and other words in foreign languages may be used within the note when there is no commonly used English equivalent. Use diacritics as appropriate.

This note deals primarily with artistic activity. It may also clarify or explain information related to the biography of the artist or history of the corporate body. Topics typically should be structured in the note according to the order below, omitting topics as necessary, depending upon what is important or relevant to the person or corporate body being described. Topics may include the following:

• Disputed issues or ambiguity regarding names or facts
• Facts regarding the life of a person or founding and dissolution of a corporate body
• Brief explanation of with whom the artist studied
• Characteristics of the style of the artist or firm (only if you are an art historian or otherwise experienced in writing about style)
• Description of the artist’s stylistic development (only if you are an art historian or otherwise experienced in writing about style)

Various issues

The recommendations below may be altered to accommodate local needs or preferences.

All information in the descriptive note must be derived from an authoritative source. It is highly recommended to cite your source and page number. Do not plagiarize: you may paraphrase the information, but do not copy it verbatim. If information in the note ultimately comes from a literary or unreliable source (as opposed to a modern reliable source), be careful not to state it as if it were proven fact. Do not use this note to record extremely volatile situations that may change in a few months or years. Instead, situations recorded here should be relatively long-standing.

Explain any controversies or issues regarding the identification of the artist (e.g., regarding the names, his or her oeuvre, or any other facts that are in dispute among scholars or experts). If an issue is in dispute, be careful not to express it as a certain fact. When two sources disagree, prefer the information obtained from the most scholarly, authoritative, recent source.

Be objective. Avoid bias or critical judgment, either positive or negative. Express all information in a neutral tone, including artistic styles or works, rulers, other people, art, architecture, events, politics, and religion. Do not write from a subjective or biased point of view, even if your source expresses a fact in a subjective way. Do not discuss scandals, lifestyle, or sexual orientation unless it is important to the artistic career of the person or corporate body.

In general, avoid including a long list of the names of specific works of art or architecture in the note. You may mention a few specific works as necessary to make a point.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free text: This is not a controlled field. Use consistent format and syntax when possible. Any significant information in this subcategory should be recorded in the appropriate controlled fields, including names, roles, dates, nationalities, places, and significant related people and events.

DEFINITION

A reference to a bibliographic source or unpublished document that supplied information in the Person/Corporate Body Descriptive Note(28.15) subcategory.

EXAMPLES

• Cole, Sienese Painting (1980)
• Gardner’s Art Through the Ages (1996)
• Grove Art Online (2003-)
• Fock, A lost decoration by Jacob De Wit, Allen Memorial Art Museum Bulletin (1982)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: It is optional but strongly recommended to record the source used for the Person/Corporate Body Descriptive Note (28.15). For a full set of rules for citations, see Citations for Sources (27.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Authority: Ideally, this information is controlled by citations in the citations authority; see Related Textual References (27).

DEFINITION

Page number, volume, date accessed for Web sites, and any other information indicating where in the source the information was found.

EXAMPLES

• 54
• 23 ff.
• 7:128

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: For a full set of rules for pages, see Page (27.1.1).

FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Use consistent syntax and format.

DEFINITION

Notes or comments about information in the person or corporate body record.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a note containing additional information or comments on this category. Use consistent syntax and format. For rules regarding writing notes, see Descriptive Note (18).

FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Use consistent syntax and format.

DEFINITION

A reference to a bibliographic source, unpublished document, or individual opinion that provides the basis for the information recorded in this authority record.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the source used for information in this category. For a full set of rules for citations, see Citations for Sources (27.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Authority: Ideally, this information is controlled by citations in the citations authority; see Related Textual References (27).

DEFINITION

Page number, volume, date accessed for Web sites, and any other information indicating where in the source the information was found.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: For a full set of rules for PAGE, see Page (27.1.1).

FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Use consistent syntax and format.

DEFINITION

A number used to uniquely identify the Person/Corporate Body record to the computer system.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: It is optional but highly recommended to use persistent unique numeric identifiers for the Person/Corporate Body Authority (28) record in the computer system. Typically, such numeric schemes are composed of a consistent, defined range of integers (e.g., 12 number sequences, such as 100000000123). Alternatively, numbers may be applied sequentially beginning with number one.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: This subcategory is automatically generated and controlled.

• Record Type: person
  Name:🔺 Harpignies, Henri-Joseph
  Preference: preferred
  Name Source:🔺 Thieme-Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der Kunstler (1980-1986)
  Name Source:🔺 Union List of Artist Names (1988-)
  Name Source:🔺 Witt Checklist of Painters c. 1200-1976 (1978)
  Name:🔺 Henri-Joseph Harpignes
  Preference: variant
  Name Source:🔺 Thieme-Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der Kunstler (1980-1986)
  Display Biography:🔺 French painter and printmaker, 1819-1916
  Birth Date:🔺 1819 Death Date:🔺 1916
  Nationality/Culture/Race:🔺 French
  Gender: male
  Life Role:🔺 artist
  Life Role:🔺 painter
  Life Role:🔺 printmaker
  Gender: male
  Relationship Type: teacher of
  Related Person/Corporate Body: Bouchaud, Jean (French painter and draftsman, 1891-1977)

• Record Type: person
  Name:🔺 Riza
  Preference: preferred
  Name Source:🔺 Union List of Artist Names (1988- )
  Name:🔺 Reza
  Preference: variant
  Name Source:🔺 Union List of Artist Names (1988- )
  Name:🔺 Riza-yi 'Abbasi
  Preference: variant
  Name Source:🔺 Union List of Artist Names (1988- )
  Display Biography:🔺 Persian painter, ca. 1565-1635
  Nationality:🔺 Persian
  Birth Date:🔺 1560 Death Date:🔺 1635
  Life Role:🔺 artist
  Life Role:🔺 painter
  Life Role:🔺 court artist
  Gender: male
  Role Date: under ‘Abbas (reigned 1588-1629)
  Earliest Date: 1588 Latest Date: 1635
  Birth Place: Kashan (Esfahan province, Iran)
  Death Place: Esfahan (Esfahan province, Iran)
  Event: active Place: Mashhad (Khorasan, Iran)
  Relationship Type: parent of
  Related Person/Corporate Body: Muhammad Shafi’ (Persian painter, active ca. 1628-1674)
  Relationship Type: teacher of
  Related Person/Corporate Body: Muhammad Qasim Tabrizi (Persian illustrator, painter, and poet, died 1659)
  Descriptive Note: Riza, son of 'Ali Asghar, was a leading artist under the Safavid shah Abbas I (reigned 1588-1629). He is noted primarily for portraits and genre scenes. The various names for this artist and the attributions of paintings in his oeuvre are somewhat uncertain, since his signatures and contemporary documentary references to him are ambiguous.
  Note Source: Grove Dictionary of Art online (1999-2002) Page: accessed 6 Aug 2003

• Record Type: corporate body
  Name:🔺 Eero Saarinen & Associates
  Preference: preferred
  Name Source:🔺 Union List of Artist Names (1988-)
  Nationality:🔺 American
  Birth Date:🔺 1950 Death Date:🔺 1961
  Life Roles:🔺 architectural firm
  Gender: not applicable
  Event: location Place: Birmingham (Michigan United States)
  Event: location Place: Camden (Connecticut, United States)
  Relationship Type: founder
  Related Person/Corporate Body: Eero Saarinen (American architect, 1910-1961)

• Record Type: corporate body
  Name:🔺 Museo Nacional de Arte Moderno Preference: preferred
  Language: Spanish
  Name Source:🔺 Union List of Artist Names (1988-)
  Name:🔺 National Museum of Modern Art
  Name Source:🔺 Union List of Artist Names (1988-)Preference: variant Language: English
  Display Biography: Guatemalan museum
  Nationality:🔺 Guatemalan
  Birth Date:🔺 1850 Death Date:🔺 9999
  Life Role:🔺 art museum
  Gender: not applicable
  Event: location Place: Guatemala City (Guatemala department, Guatemala)

• Record Type: person
  Name:🔺 Painter of the Wedding Procession Preference: preferred
  Language: English
  Name Source:🔺 Union List of Artist Names (1988-)
  Name:🔺 Wedding Procession Painter Preference: variant
  Name Source:🔺 Union List of Artist Names (1988-)
  Name:🔺 Der Maler des Hochzeitszugs Preference: variant
  Language: German
  Name Source:🔺 Union List of Artist Names (1988-)
  Name Source:🔺 Schefold, Karl. Kertscher Vasen (1930)
  Nationality:🔺 Ancient Greek
  Display Biography:🔺 Greek vase painter, active ca. 360s BCE
  Birth Date:🔺 -0390 Death Date:🔺 -0330
  Role:🔺 artist
  Role:🔺 vase painter
  Event: active Place: Athens (Periféreia Protevoúsis, Greece)
  Descriptive Note: Working in Athens in the 300s BCE, the Painter of the Wedding Procession decorated pottery primarily in the red-figure technique. As with most vase-painters, his real name is unknown, and he is identified only by the style of his work. He decorated mostly large vases, such as hydriai and lebetes. He was also one of the many vase-painters who received a commission for Panathenaic amphorai, which were always decorated in the old-fashioned black-figure technique. The Painter of the Wedding Procession was among the last vase-painters working in Athens before the tradition of painted ceramics died out in Greece. He produced vases in the Kerch style, named for a city on the Black Sea in southern Russia where many vases in this style have been found.
  Note Source: J. Paul Getty Museum, collections online (2000-)
  Page: accessed 21 January 2005

• Record Type: person
  Name:🔺 unknown Indian
  Display Biography:🔺 Indian artist
  Nationality:🔺 Indian
  Birth Date:🔺 1400 Death Date:🔺 1800
  Life Role:🔺 artist