29. Place/Location Authority 🔺

DEFINITION

A term distinguishing records for physical features from those for administrative entities, which include cities, nations, and administrative subdivisions.

EXAMPLES

• physical feature
• administrative entity

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: It is optional, but highly recommended, to record a term indicating if the record represents a physical feature or a corporate body. Use lower case.

Use administrative entity if the record represents an inhabited place, nation, or any other entity that is defined by human-made, administrative boundaries. Use physical feature if the record represents a continent, river, mountain, and any other natural feature on the planet.

It is possible that one place may be both a physical and administrative entity, as with an island-state. However, rather than labeling it “both,” it is recommended to create two separate records for clarity (e.g., for the island and for the administrative entity with boundaries coextensive with the island).

If necessary, you may further organize the records by concepts including facets and guide terms. A guide term (also called a node label) is a level used to organize the hierarchy into logical segments. For example, you may use guide terms are used to separate artists from non-artists. A facet is an even broader division of the hierarchy, generally appearing directly under the root of the hierarchy.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Control this subcategory with a list, including the terms physical feature, administrative entity, facet, and guide term. Other terms may also be used if necessary.

DEFINITION

Proper names, appellations, nicknames, or other identifying phrases by which a place is known.

EXAMPLES

• Siena
• Sena Julia
• Peking
• Beijing
• Flanders
• Northern Sporades Islands
• Vóries Sporádhes, Nísoi
• Rift Valley

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Required: It is required to record at least one name, the preferred name, which is the name used most often in general and scholarly literature to refer to the place. Record any other proper names, appellations, nicknames, or other identifying phrases used in published sources to identify the place.

Preferred name

For the preferred name, chose the one most often used in scholarly literature and authoritative reference books in the language of the catalog record (English in the United States). Consult the sources listed above to determine which name is used most often; if the sources disagree, choose the source listed first in the order of preference above. The purpose of the preferred name is to identify the place in displays. Therefore, the preferred name should not necessarily be the long official name, but is often a shorter version of the name, where possible. For example, the preferred name for the nation is Italy, not Repubblica Italiana, though the latter would be a variant name.

If the name is not in these sources, construct a preferred name based on the rules in the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names: Editorial Guidelines: Chapter 3.3: Names or the Anglo American Cataloguing Rules.

Variant names

Include alternate and variant names that appear in published sources and represent significant differences in form or spelling, fullness, diacritics, punctuation, name inversions, various languages, appellations, and alternate names, including official names, abbreviations, codes, translations, variant transliterations, historical names, and other cases as discussed below.

All names referring to the same place should be recorded in subsequent occurrences of this subcategory. For example, all the names in the following list refer to the same place: Lisboa, Lisbon, Lisbonne, Lissabon, Lisabon, Olissibona, Ulixbone, Luzbona, Lixbuna, Felicitas Julia, and Olisipo.

Form and syntax: Inverted and natural order names

The names of physical features may be in natural order (e.g., Mount Etna, used for display) or in inverted order (e.g., Etna, Mount, used for indexing). Record the preferred name in both natural and inverted order, if appropriate. The names of administrative entities are not inverted for display or indexing, with rare exceptions (e.g., Hague, The).

For the inverted order form of the name of a physical feature, record the name in the following order: trunk name, comma, descriptive phrase. In the example of Lake Michgan, Michigan is the trunk name, and Lake is a descriptive phrase (a word for the place type meaning body of water, “lake”) that is considered part of the name. If the name is in an unfamiliar language and you do not know which word is the descriptive phrase, either find the inverted name in an authoritative source or do not invert the name. Note that the preferred names of inhabited places, administrative units, and nations are generally listed in natural order for both display and indexing, even if one of the words in the name is descriptive (e.g., for the city in Florida, Lake Wales, do not invert the name).

For the natural order form of the name of either administrative entities or physical features, record the name as found in standard authoritative sources, with no comma.

Fullness of the name

Include significant differences in the fullness of the name, particularly when they help to distinguish between two places that could be confused (e.g., with two nations with similar names, such as Republic of the Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo). Given that the purpose of the preferred name is to identify the place in displays, the preferred name should not necessarily be the fullest official name, but may be a shorter commonly used name found in authoritative sources.

Abbreviations and codes

Include commonly used abbreviations and initials as variant names. Include ISO codes, US Postal Codes, or other commonly used standard codes (e.g., UK for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland). In general, avoid abbreviations in the preferred name, unless the official, commonly used name contains initials or abbreviations.

Various languages

If the place is known by variant names in different languages, include them as variant names. For a language that is not written in the Roman alphabet, the name may have to be transliterated. There may be multiple methods of transliteration. For the preferred name in a given language, it is advised to use a transliteration derived by applying ISO standards.³ However, you must often choose between variant transliterations without knowing which transliteration method was employed. In such cases, choose as the preferred name the name that is found in the most authoritative of available possible sources.

Nicknames

Include nicknames (e.g., Big Apple for New York City), restricted to those found in published sources.

Historical names

Include name changes (e.g., when North Tarrytown, New York changed its name to Sleepy Hollow). For cities, towns, and other settlements that are still inhabited, choose the name most commonly used to refer to the modern place for the preferred name. For example, the preferred name would be Bodrum, Turkey, rather than the historical name for the place Halicarnassus. For deserted settlements, lost settlements, former nations or states, and other administrative entities that do not exist in the current world, the preferred name should be the name currently most often used to refer to the place in scholarly literature (e.g., Masada, Israel). For nations and states, if the historical nation or state had significantly different boundaries from the current nation or state, make two separate records: one for the historical and a second for its modern counterpart (e.g., for medieval Flanders and modern Belgium). Link them through the Related Places (29.5) subcategory.

Guide term and facet names

If you use guide terms, create a descriptive phrase. Use lower case, unless the phrase contains a proper name. For facet names, capitalize the name for the sake of clarity in the hierarchical display.

Additional rules

More extensive rules for constructing and formatting place names are found in “Chapter 3.3: Names” of the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names: Editorial Guidelines.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free text: This subcategory is free text. The names may be populated by using published sources, including Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN) and LCSH.

DEFINITION

An indication of whether the name is the preferred name for the place. The preferred name is generally the indexing form of the name that is most commonly found in standard authoritative published sources in the language of the catalog record. Use lower case.

EXAMPLES

• preferred
• variant

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record an indication of which name is preferred for this place. The preferred name is the indexing form of the name that is most commonly found in standard authoritative published sources in the language of the catalog record. Use lower case.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use the terms preferred, variant, and others as necessary.

DEFINITION

An indication of the type of name, to be used if the authority is intended to be compliant with standards for thesaurus construction, or to distinguish nouns from adjectival forms of names.

EXAMPLES

• descriptor
• alternate descriptor
• used for term
• noun
• adjectival form

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a term indicating the type of name. Use lower case.

This subcategory is intended for use by those who wish the authority to be compliant with national and international standards for thesaurus construction (designating the term descriptor, alternate descriptor, etc.). For a discussion of the meanings of these terms, see the Generic Concept Authority (30).

It may also be used to distinguish the noun form of names (e.g., Siena) from the adjectival forms (e.g., Sienese).

TERMINOLOGY/ACCESS

Controlled list: Use the terms in the “Examples” section above, and others as described in the Generic Concept Authority (30).

DEFINITION

Word or phrase used as necessary to provide clarification or disambiguation.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: It is rare that a qualifer would be necessary with the name of a place. The parent string and place type are typically concatenated in the label to disambiguate homographs.

However, it may be necessary to add a qualifier in very rare cases. For example, if the name of a modern nation and its ancient counterpart would be otherwise ambiguous (e.g. Egypt (ancient)). Use the Other Name Flags (29.2.7) subcategory to flag the official name and other special name statuses.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This subcategory is free text. Be consistent where possible.

DEFINITION

An indication of the language of the name, particularly when the name is in a language other than the language of the catalog record.

EXAMPLES

• English
• Italian
• Chinese (transliterated Pinyin)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the language of the name, if known from authoritative sources. Capitalize the names of languages.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Control this subcategory with a controlled list. Values may be derived from a source such as Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 14th edition. Barbara F. Grimes, ed. Dallas, Texas: SIL International, 2000.

The ISO-639 standard may also be used for language codes; however, if ISO codes are used, values must be translated into legible form for end-users.

DEFINITION

Flag indicating the name’s historical status.

EXAMPLES

• current
• historical

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record an indication if the name is current or historical. Use lower case.

Note that this flag records the historical status of a particular name only, not of the place represented in the record.

If the name is currently in use, the flag should be set to current. Sources will generally indicate when a name is historical. Names found in atlases and national geographic databases are almost always current, unless otherwise indicated.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use a controlled list with terms current, historical, and others if necessary.

DEFINITION

Flag designating whether or not the name is to be used in natural order displays or in an alphabetical list.

EXAMPLES

• index
• display
• not applicable

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Flag the name as display if it has been constructed in order to be used in horizontal displays (e.g., Siena province), or if it is the natural order form of the preferred name in cases where the preferred name is inverted. If the name is the form that should appear in alphabetical lists and indexes, flag it as index. There may be only one display name and one index name per record.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use a controlled list with terms index, display, not applicable, and others if necessary.

DEFINITION

Flags designating an official name, code, and other special name statuses for the place.

EXAMPLES

• official name
• pseudonym
• site name
• ISO 3-number
• not applicable

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record an indication of the name’s special status, as necessary. Use lower case.

The official name is generally a full form of the name. For the official names of nations, use official publications in this order of preference: ISO-3166 standard; the United Nations Country Names and other bulletins; the CIA World Fact Book online; Encyclopedia Britannica Book of the Year; official national Web sites of the individual nations; and geographic dictionaries or other authoritative reference sources.

Use ISO and official government sources names representing official codes.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use a controlled list with terms official name, pseudonym, site name, ISO 3-letter, ISO 2-letter, ISO 3-number, ISO 2-number, US Postal Service, FIPS, not applicable, and others if necessary.

DEFINITION

A reference to a bibliographic source or unpublished document document that provides the warrant for a particular name.

EXAMPLES

• Webster’s Geographical Dictionary (1988)
• Canby, Historic Places (1984)
• Times Atlas of the World (1992)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Required: Record the source(s) used for the name. In order to be a source, the name should have been translated precisely, retaining the diacritics, capitalization, and punctuation of the source.

For a full set of rules, see Citations for Sources (27.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Authority: Ideally, this information is controlled by citations in the citations authority; see Related Textial References (27).

RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS

Sources may also be recorded in the Place/Location Descriptive Note (29.88) subcategory and, for the authority record in general, in Citations (29.10).

DEFINITION

Page number, volume, date accessed for Web sites, and any other information indicating where in the source the name was found.

EXAMPLES

• 54
• 23 ff.
• 7:128

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: For a full set of rules for pages, see Page (27.1.1).

FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Use consistent syntax and format.

DEFINITION

A description of the date or range of dates when a particular name was in use for the place.

EXAMPLES

• established 1777
• from late 1st century BCE
• until 1986
• ca. 1st century BCE until 15th century

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the dates or date range when a name was used. Precise date spans for place names are rarely known; include references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.

Note that this field records the date of a particular name only, not of the place represented in the record.

For the names of dynasties and other precisely defined periods, include the dates for the period, when known (e.g., under the Chou Dynasty (1122-255 BCE)). For general, broadly defined periods, do not include the span dates in the display Name Date (29.2.9) subcategory, because it will be misleading to the user, implying knowledge of greater specificity than is truly known (e.g., Late Bronze Age Greek name for the place). However, you should index span dates in Earliest Date (29.2.9.1) and Latest Date (29.2.9.2).

Ideally, the Name Date (29.2.9) subcategory should refer, explicitly or implicitly, to a time period or date. However, it may be used to record unusual or important information about the name, often referring to the derivation of the name (e.g., name used by Homer (Odyssey, 7th century BCE) to refer to both the river and the land through which it flowed).

If a date is uncertain, use a broad or vague designation (e.g., ancient) or words such as documented, ca., and probably. Note that the first year when a name was documented is not necessarily the year when the name was first used; therefore, you must create a sufficiently early Earliest Date (29.2.9.1).

Note that Name Dates (29.2.9) refer to the name itself, not the date of the site, which would be recorded in the Place Type Date (29.4.2) subcategory. For historical names, do not mistakenly record the date of the site if the name was not in use when the site was occupied. Names used in very ancient times are often unknown, and more recent names are used.

Form and syntax

In the free-textName Date (29.2.9) field, record a phrase referring to a year, a span of years, or period that describes the specific or approximate date in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. Index this free-text date with the Earliest Date (29.2.9.1) and Latest Date (29.2.9.2) subcategories delimiting the appropriate span. If the name is still in use to refer to this place, the end date should be “9999.” The Name Date (29.2.9) may contain a note that does not refer to a date per se, but it must still be indexed with Earliest Date (29.2.9.1) and Latest Date (29.2.9.2).

Follow other rules for display dates in Creation Date (4.2).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax where possible. Index the dates in the controlled Earliest Date (29.2.9.1) and Latest Date (29.2.9.2) subcategories.⁴

DEFINITION

The earliest date on which a particular name was used.

EXAMPLES

• 1877
• 1670
• 1950

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by or implied in the display Name Date (29.2.9) subcategory.

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Earliest Date (29.2.9.1); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Latest Date (29.2.9.2). Follow rules for dates in Earliest Date (4.2.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The latest date on which a particular name was used.

EXAMPLES

• 1901
• _1675-
• 9999

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the latest year indicated by or implied in the display Name Date (29.2.9) subcategory.

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Latest Date (29.2.9.2); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Earliest Date (29.2.9.1). Follow rules for dates in Latest Date (4.2.2).

Note that this is they last year when the name was used, which is generally “9999.”

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

A set of numbers used to define points on the earth’s surface that correspond to the physical location of the place.

EXAMPLES

For the Great Zimbabwe ruins:

• 43 13 00 N, 011 24 00 E (43.2167, 11.4000)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the place’s latitude and longitude. Geographic coordinates should represent a single point for each place, corresponding to a point at or near the center of the inhabited place, political entity, or physical feature. For linear features such as rivers, the point represents the source of the feature. For a full discussion, see “Chapter 3.7: Coordinates” of the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names: Editorial Guidelines. Elevation may also be recorded.

Form and syntax

The example above illustrates this syntax:

List latitude first: degrees space; minutes; space; seconds; space; N or S; comma; list longitude second: degrees (use zeroes to the left as place holders if the degrees are less than three digits); space; minutes; space; seconds; space; E or W. This may be followed by decimal fractions of degrees in parentheses, using a period between degrees and the decimal fractions of whole degrees.

Display decimal fractions of degrees to the nearest third or fourth position. Use a hyphen to indicate negative numbers, which are used for positions south of the equator and west of the Prime Meridian.

Several alternative ways of displaying coordinates are acceptable, provided they are applied consistently. An alternative method of displaying latitude and longitude is as follows, clearly labeling what is displayed:

• Latitude: 20 16 00 S degrees/minutes/seconds
  Longitude: 030 54 00 E degrees/minutes/seconds
  (Latitude: -20.2667 decimal degrees)
  (Longitude: 30.9000 decimal degrees)

Another alternative way of listing degrees and minutes is to use degree; minute; and second symbols, with or without spaces, with a comma between latitude and longitude (e.g., 20°16’00"S,030°54’00"E). The same format may be used if seconds are omitted (e.g., 20°16’S,030°54’E). If you omit seconds, be consistent and never list them. Some atlases use a period to separate degrees and minutes (e.g., 20.16S,030.54E), but this is not recommended because users may confuse this representation of degrees and minutes with decimal degrees, which are also represented with a period. Some displays show a string of numbers with no punctuation between degrees, minutes, and direction (e.g., 201600S,0305400E), but this is also not recommended for end users, due to the potential for confusion.

Degrees and minutes and decimal degrees

Geographic latitude is the angular distance north or south of the equator, measured along a meridian. Parallels of latitude are equidistant circles drawn around the globe parallel to the equator. Measurements along the parallels are traditionally given in degrees, minutes, and seconds (counted in increments of 60, as with a clock), combined with a directional indicator for north (N) or south (S). The equator is at 0 degrees; 90 degrees north is the North Pole, 90 degrees south is the South Pole. The greatest possible latitudes are 90° N and 90° S.

Longitude is the angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England. Meridians are imaginary north-south lines on the Earth’s surface that connect both geographic poles, used to measure longitude. Measurements along the meridians are traditionally given in degrees, minutes, and seconds (counted in increments of 60, as with a clock), combined with a directional indicator for east (E) or west (W). The prime meridian is at 0 degrees; 180 degrees is the International Date Line. The greatest longitude is measured 180° both east and west of the prime meridian.

The combination of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude establishes a grid by which exact positions can be determined. Coordinates represent the point on the grid where latitude and longitude cross.

Coordinates are expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds, corresponding to the standard used in atlases and as illustrated above. Coordinates may also be expressed in decimal fractions of degrees where minutes and seconds are translated into decimal values, (e.g., 40 degrees 30 minutes 00 seconds = 40.5000 decimal degrees). The expression of coordinates in decimal degrees is used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and for other applications where mathematical calculations are necessary. In decimal fractions, the directional indicators (e.g., north, south, east, or west) are not included. Instead, directions are indicated by using sets of positive and negative numbers: north latitude and east longitude are expressed as positive numbers; south latitude and west longitude are expressed as negative numbers.

This subcategory discusses a single point for each place. In addition to the coordinates representing the center, a set of four bounding coordinates may be used to roughly encompass the area of a geographic feature or administrative entity. Elevation could be included as well.

For the Great Lakes Region:

• Coordinates:

  • Latitude: 45 00 00 N degrees/minutes/seconds
    Longitude: 085 00 00 W degrees/minutes/seconds
    (Latitiude: 45.0000 decimal degrees)
    (Longitude: -85.0000 decimal degrees)
    Elevation: 601 feet (183.184 meters)

• Bounding coordinates:

  • South Bounding Latitude: 43 09 25 N degrees/minutes/seconds
    North Bounding Latitude: 48 48 46 N degrees/minutes/seconds
    East Bounding Longitude: 082 29 53 W degrees/minutes/seconds
    West Bounding Longitude: 092 01 17 W degrees/minutes/seconds
    (South Bounding Latitude: 43.1560 decimal degrees)
    (North Bounding Latitude: 48.8120 decimal degrees)
    (East Bounding Longitude: -82.4910 decimal degrees)
    (West Bounding Long: -92.0160 decimal degrees)
    Elevation: 601 feet (183.184 meters)

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free text: This is a free text subcategory. Use consistent formatting.

Controlled format: For a discussion of controlled fields, see “Chapter 3.7: Coordinates” in the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names: Editorial Guidelines. If retrieval on latitude and longitude is required, separate controlled fields should be created for degrees, minutes and direction of latitude and longitude.

DEFINITION

Terms that characterize significant aspects of the place, including its role, function, political anatomy, size, or physical characteristics.

EXAMPLES

• nation
• province
• inhabited place
• island group
• valley

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Required: Record one or more words or phrases that characterize significant aspects of the place, including its role, function, political anatomy, size, or physical characteristics. It is required to record at least one place type for each place. If only one place type is provided it should be the most representative or most important place type for the place.

Form and syntax

Use lower case. Record multiple place types for one place in repeating instances of this subcategory

Use the most specific place type applicable, if known. For example, use archaeological site rather than site.

The preferred place type displays with the name in the hierarchy and other displays; thus, the preferred place type should be consistently applied for similar places across the database. The preferred place type should represent the place’s primary/general function or role. The preferred place type for cities, towns, and villages is inhabited place or populated place. For places that are no longer inhabited, the preferred place type generally is deserted settlement. Note that occasionally a place may be known from historic accounts, but its exact location is unknown (e.g., Gath, Israel); in these situations, the place could be labeled with the place type lost settlement.

The preferred place type for sovereign nations could be nation; it could be dependent state for semi-autonomous states. Dependent states typically exclude territories: (1) to which the Antarctic Treaty is applicable in whole or in part; (2) without permanent civilian population; (3) without internationally recognized civilian government; or (4) representing unadjudicated unilateral or multilateral territorial claims. The preferred place types of subdivisions within a nation generally should be the terms used by the nation or English translations of the terms (e.g., state for the USA, and region for Italy).

The preferred place types of physical features are typically specific terms that describe the individual feature (e.g., lake, mountain, river).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list or authority: Use the Generic Concept Authority (30) or a controlled list of terms. Published sources of terminology include “Chapter 4.6, Appendix F: Place Types” of the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names: Editorial Guidelines; terms in this source are derived from the Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) and GeoNet Names Server, NIMA/NGA: National Geospacial Intelligence Agency, https://www.nga.mil/.

DEFINITION

An indication of whether the place type(s), as recorded in the Place Types(29.4) subcategory, is/are preferred or non preferred.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Flag one place type in each record as “preferred.” Use lower case.

The preferred place type is used as a default to create displays in combination with the preferred name. Choose the palce type that represents the most important or most representative place type.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Use the terms preferred and non preferred. Other terms may be added if necessary.

DEFINITION

A description of the date or range of dates when the place type was relevant.

EXAMPLES

• after 1638
• beginning ca. 1910
• established in 1861
• was Etruscan settlement
• founded in 1743
• first documented in 1010
• settled by Europeans in 1874, on the site of an earlier Native American village

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the dates or date range when a place type was relevant. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.

Form and syntax

Follow rules for display dates in Creation Date (4.2).

Date of habitation

It is recommended to include the date of habitation or human endeavor at a site, when known; use this subcategory attached to inhabited place or deserted settlement Place Types (29.4) to record this date. For the preferred place type inhabited place, note the year or approximate date of founding, chartering, or first settlement (e.g., founded by James Brooke in 1839). Note that the Earliest Date (29.4.2.1) may be earlier than the actual founding or chartering. For example, the Place Type Date (29.4.2) may be chartered in 1644, on the site of an Amerindian village, whereas the Earliest Date (29.4.2.1) may be 1300. For the preferred Place Types (29.4) deserted settlement, record the date span of habitation (e.g., occupied from the Stone Age to the Roman period).

It is unusual to know the exact date when human habitation first occurred at a place; therefore, the nuances and ambiguity associated with such information should be expressed. For inhabited places, dates of incorporation or founding dates (e.g., founded in 1781) are commonly recorded in public records. Settlement dates (e.g., settled by Spanish expedition on August 2, 1769) are occasionally recorded in historic documents. In other cases, approximate dates of settlement may be deduced from peripheral documents. Note that published sources often emphasize the date of first habitation in the modern era and may not account for habitation by earlier cultures; these earlier dates of settlement should be accommodated (e.g., founded in 1765, on site of previous Native American seasonal camp). Often, no precise years of habitation are known, and general references to cultures that settled in the place are recorded (e.g., settled by Etruscans or was Celtic center). An event may be mentioned as an allusion to the date (e.g., settled after Louisiana Purchase by USA). Multiple dates may be mentioned (e.g., was Dutch trading post in 1633, settled in 1635 by English pioneers or founded in 1717 by de Bienville as a French colony, city incorporated in 1805).

Dates of administrative entities are generally known with more precision (e.g., it may be known that an entity was a “state” in the USA since April 28, 1788). The dates surrounding the establishment of a nation may be known, but complex (e.g., independence from Spain proclaimed on May 20, 1902; revolution established communist state in 1959).

For historical places that are no longer extant, the known facts should be recorded, including date of abandonment (e.g., was important site by 3rd mill. BC; destroyed by Romans 29 BC; a few houses remained according to documents of 120 AD).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax where possible. Index the dates in the Earliest Date (29.4.2.1) and Latest Date (29.4.2.2) subcategories.

DEFINITION

The earliest date when the place type was relevant.

EXAMPLES

• 1666
• 1300

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by or implied in the displayPlace Type Date (29.4.2).

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Earliest Date (29.4.2.1); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Latest Date (29.4.2.2). Follow rules for dates in Earliest Date (4.2.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The latest date when the place type was relevant.

EXAMPLES

• 1723
• 1410

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by or implied in the display Place Type Date (29.4.2).

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Latest Date (29.4.2.2); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Earliest Date (29.4.2.1). Follow rules for dates in Latest Date (4.2.2).

When recording latest dates of activity for living persons or extant corporate bodies, it is strongly recommended that you enter 9999 or another appropriate value rather than leaving the subcategory blank to allow successful retrieval,

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The identification of any places that have important ties or connections to the place being cataloged, excluding hierarchical whole/part relationships.

EXAMPLES

• Bologna (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) (inhabited place)
• Luxor (Upper Egypt region, Egypt) (deserted settlement)
• South Sea Islands (Pacific Ocean) (islands)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Identify any place related to the place being cataloged where there is an important associative relationship. Associative relationships are to “see also” references, and exclude whole/part hierarchical relationships.

Form and syntax

Capitalize place names. Use the label/identification of the related place, described in the Place/Location Label/Identification (29.7) subcategory.

Confusion between two places

If there is a significant possibility that two places may be confused because they are adjacent to each other; they are coextensive; one place has been moved to another; or places have a direct historical connection (excluding hierarchical relationships), link them in this Related Places (29.5) subcategory. For example, the original town Sikión (in Corinth, Greece) was moved 4 kilometers inland to the current site atop two plateaus in 303 BCE, and the old site has since been repopulated and renamed, Kiáton.

However, if one place is the historical counterpart to the modern place, and both have the same name, linking them in this subcategory is also appropriate (as in the example for the modern town of Machu Picchu below, which may be confused with the famous ancient site of the same name).

If the only cause of potential confusion is that the places have the same or similar names and are near each other, do not link them as Related Places (29.5). In such cases, describe the issue regarding the name in the Place/Location Descriptive Note (29.88) subcategory.

Variant names vs. separate records

If scholarly opinion is divided as to whether or not one place is the same place as another, make separate records for each place and link them with relationship type: possibly identified as. This typically occurs with historical entities or historical names for extant places.

If scholars generally agree that a historical place sat on the same site as either a modern place or another historical place, make only one record for the place and include the other names as variant names.

Hierarchical vs. Associative Relationships

Do not make associative relationships when hierarchical relationships are more appropriate. For the administrative divisions of nations, states, empires, and any other entity with centralized power and borders, use the hierarchical relationships in the Place Broader Context (29.6) subcategory rather than this Related Places (29.5) subcategory, which indicates associative relationships.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

System generated: Ideally, this should be generated from various fields in the related Person/Corporate Body Authority (28) record.

Free-text: If this is a free-text field, index the information in the pertinent controlled subcategories elsewhere in the related record.

DEFINITION

An indication of the type of relationship between the place and a related place.

EXAMPLES

• ally of
• predecessor of
• successor of
• distinguished from
• possibly identified as
• adjacent to
• moved from
• historical connection
• related to

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: It is optional to record related places, but if they are recorded, it is highly recommended to use this subcategory to identify the type of relationship between them.

Form and syntax

Use lower case. For a list of terms and their definitions, see the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names: Editorial Guidelines: Chapter 3.5: Associative Relationships.

This subcategory describes relationships that go from the subject of the record to the related entity. Many reciprocal relationships between places are equal and the same on both sides of the relationship (e.g., ally of / ally of). However, be careful to link to the correct side of the relationship when the term is not the same on both sides of the relationship (e.g., predecessor of / successor of , and vice versa).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Control these terms with a controlled list, including the terms above and others in “Chapter 3.5: Associative Relationships” of the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names: Editorial Guidelines.

DEFINITION

A description of the date or range of dates associated with the relationship between the place and the related place.

EXAMPLES

• from 1310
• 17th century
• ancient

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a description of the dates or date range when the relationship was in place. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.

Form and syntax

Follow the applicable rules for display dates in Creation Date (4.2).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax where possible. Index the dates in the controlled Earliest Date (29.5.2.1) and Latest Date (29.5.2.2) subcategories.

DEFINITION

The earliest date when the relationship could have been in effect.

EXAMPLES

• 1420
• 900

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by the display Place Relationship Date (29.5.2).

Form and syntax

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Earliest Date (29.5.2.1); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Latest Date (29.5.2.2). Follow the applicable rules for dates in Earliest Date (4.2.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The latest date when the relationship could have been in effect.

EXAMPLES

• 1623
• 1521
• 9999

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the latest year indicated by the display Place Relationship Date (29.5.2).

Form and syntax

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Latest Date (29.5.2.2); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Earliest Date (29.5.2.1). Follow the applicable rules for dates in Latest Date (4.2.2).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

An identification of the place’s broader context(s), such as between cities and the nations to which they belong. Ideally this is a hierarchical link.

EXAMPLES

• Valdosta (Lowndes county, Georgia, United States) (inhabited place)
• Roman Empire (empire)
• Gascogne (France) (historical region)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Required: This subcategory is required, when applicable. There may be multiple hierarchical relationships (polyhierarchical). Identify the larger context (parent) required to construct the hierarchical (whole/part) relationships between a place and another place. Position the place under the most specific parent possible

Form and syntax

Ideally this is a hierarchical link. For display, follow the “Examples” section above, using the preferred Place Name (29.2); levels of parents to the level of nation; and Place Types (29.4), as described in Place/Location Label/Identification (29.7).

In addition to the label as displayed in the Examples above, the broader contexts may be derived from the hierarchical links and displayed in indented format as in the examples below.

• Africa (continent)
  … Benin (nation)
  … Atakora (province)
  … Bassila (inhabited place)

• Europe (continent)
  …Italian Peninsula (peninsula)
  …Etruria (former group of nations/states/cities)
  …Arezzo (inhabited place)
  …Bologna (inhabited place)
  …Cerveteri (inhabited place)
  …Chianciano Terme (inhabited place)
  …Chiusi (inhabited place)
  …Cortona (inhabited place)
  …Fiesole (inhabited place)
  …[etc.]

Hierarchical relationships in this authority are those links in a thesaurus that describe whole/part relationships. Each record in the authority is linked to its immediate parent (broader context); hierarchy is constructed through these links.

Both physical and administrative/political entities make up the geographic place hierarchy. Hierarchical relationships in this authority represent whole/part relationships (as opposed to genus/species relationships). The authority is polyhierarchical, meaning that places can belong to more than one parent place. Hierarchical relationships are referred to by genealogical terms: child, children, siblings, parent, grandparent, ancestors, descendents, etc.

Both physical and political/administrative entities may make up the hierarchy. Major subdivisions of the hierarchy typically include: continent, nation, first level subdivision, second level subdivision, inhabited place, and possibly neighborhood. Most nations will require at least one level of administrative subdivision above inhabited place, and many will have two levels. Generally, the hierarchy in this authority will need to go only to the level of the nhabited place. However, the level of neighborhood may be required for some of the world’s largest cities.

A place should have multiple broader contexts when its administrative parent is contested or it otherwise has multiple direct hierarchical relationships. Multiple parents should be assigned when an area is disputed between two nations (as with an occupied territory). Multiple parents should also be assigned when a place is part of two broader administrative regions (as when a city in the US is part of multiple counties), Also assign multiple parents when a place is physically in one place, but administratively tied to another (as with Bermuda, which is physically in North and Central America, but is a dependent state of the United Kingdom).

For guidance regarding building hierarchies, how to determine parents, and more, see the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names: Editorial Guidelines: 3.1 Hierarchical Relationships.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

System generated: Ideally, this broader context display should be generated from the hierarchical relationships of the authority record linked as Place Broader Context (29.6).

Ideally, this relationship should be managed by the computer system. The method by which the broader context is noted or linked will be specific to the cataloging, collection management, or editorial system being used. Linking the authority record to its broader context allows hierarchies to be constructed. In the examples above, the hierarchical relationships are represented by indentation, illustrating a display that will be intelligible to most end users.

Since nations have varying levels of administrative subdivisions, and because physical features may intervene between political entities in the hierarchy, it is recommended that there should be no set number of levels in the hierarchy. Since the physical and administrative worlds coexist in this authority, it may be necessary to link inhabited places and physical features to islands that do not form part of the administrative hierarchy. In such cases, the island could form a level in the hierarchy.

Free-text: If generating a display by algorithm is not possible, or if the cataloging institution wants to express nuance that is not possible from an automatically generated string, a free-text field may be used instead.

RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS

Generally, the hierarchical relationship will be a special relationship that is managed separately from associative relationships. However, for some institutions, the whole/part relationships will be recorded only by using part of and broader context types in the Place Relationship Type (29.5.1).

DEFINITION

A description of the date or range of dates associated with the hierarchical relationship between the corporate body being cataloged and the related corporate body.

EXAMPLES

• from 1791
• 18th century
• 11th century through 15th century

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a description of the dates or date range when a hierarchical relationship was relevant. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.

Form and syntax

Follow the applicable rules for display dates in Creation Date (4.2).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax where possible. Index the dates in the controlled Earliest Date (29.6.1.1) and Latest Date (29.6.1.2) subcategories.

DEFINITION

The earliest date when the hierarchical relationship could have been in place. .

EXAMPLES

• 1420
• 900

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by the display Broader Context Date (29.6.1) subcategory.

Form and syntax

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Earliest Date (29.6.1.1); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Latest Date (29.6.1.2). Follow the applicable rules for dates in Earliest Date (4.2.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

The latest date when the hierarchical relationship could have been in place.

EXAMPLES

• 1623
• 1521
• 9999

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the latest year indicated by the display Broader Context Date (29.6.1)subcategory.

Form and syntax

Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record Latest Date (29.6.1.2); however, if you record a value here, you must also record Earliest Date (29.6.1.1). Follow the applicable rules for dates in Latest Date (4.2.2).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

• ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

  XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

DEFINITION

A label or heading used to identify the place in displays.

EXAMPLES

• Orvieto (Terni province, Umbria, Italy) (inhabited place)
• Oldenburg (Franklin county, Indiana, United States) (inhabited place)
• Galatia (Turkey) (general region)
• Republic of Ireland (nation)
• Cyprus (Asia) (island)
• Belgica Prima (Gallia Belgica, Gaul) (nation)

Alternatively, omitting the place type:

• Oldenburg (Franklin county, Indiana, United States)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a label or heading identifying the name, broader contexts, and place type of the related place, to provide context for the place name.

Form and syntax

Use consistent syntax and punctuation for the label identifying the place. Follow the “Examples” section above, concatenating the preferred Place Name (29.2), parents, and preferred Place Types (29.4) (e.g., Cissbury Ring (West Sussex, England, United Kingdom) (deserted settlement)).

Alternatively, devise another scheme for syntax and punctuation for use in various situations.

Labels for various purposes

Labels with the inverted form of the preferred name followed by parents and place type are suited for alphabetical lists; note that only names of physical features will generally be inverted, as discussed in the Place Name (29.2) subcategory.

• Arrowsmith, Mount (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada) (mountain)
• Erie, Lake (North and Central America) (lake)
• Hathala (Northwest Frontier, Pakistan) (inhabited place)
• Heicheng (Nei Mongol, China) (deserted settlement)
• Los Angeles (California, United States) (inhabited place)
• Zama (Siliana government, Tunisia) (lost settlement)

Labels with the natural order form of the preferred name followed by parents and place type are suited for wall labels, slide labels, and captions.

• Mount Arrowsmith (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada) (mountain)
• Lake Erie (North and Central America) (lake)
• Hathala (Northwest Frontier, Pakistan) (inhabited place)
• Heicheng (Nei Mongol, China) (deserted settlement)
• Los Angeles (California, United States) (inhabited place)
• Zama (Siliana government, Tunisia) (lost settlement)

Labels with the preferred name (in either natural or inverted order, depending upon local preference) followed by parents but excluding place types may be used locally for display in various subcategories.

• Mount Arrowsmith (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada)
• Lake Erie (North and Central America)
• Hathala (Northwest Frontier, Pakistan)
• Heicheng (Nei Mongol, China)
• Los Angeles (California, United States)
• Zama (Siliana government, Tunisia)

Labels with the parents in descending order (opposed to ascending order, as illustrated in above examples), may be used for lists where results need to sort by parent. For example, all the places in one nation or state will sort together.

• Orléans … (inhabited place)
  …(Europe, France, Centre region, Loiret)
  Orléans … (inhabited place)
  …(North and Central America, Canada, Ontario)
  Orleans … (inhabited place)
  …(North and Central America, United States, California, Humboldt county) Orleans … (inhabited place)
  …(North and Central America, United States, Illinois, Morgan county)
  Orleans … (inhabited place)
  …(North and Central America, United States, Indiana, Orange county)
  Orleans … (inhabited place)
  …(North and Central America, United States, Iowa, Appanoose county)
  Orleans … (inhabited place)
  …(North and Central America, United States, Iowa, Dickinson county)
  Orleans … (parish (political))
  …(North and Central America, United States, Louisiana)

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

System generated: Ideally, this should be generated from various fields in the place record and its parents’ records.

Free-text: If this is a free-text field, index the information in the pertinent controlled subcategories elsewhere in the related record.

DEFINITION

Additional information about the place, including a discussion of its history, particularly noting any controversies or issues, presented in a form to be displayed to end users.

EXAMPLES

For Gath, Israel:

• It was a royal city of the ancient Philistines, although its precise location is unknown. The Bible mentions it as the birthplace of Goliath and a refuge for David, also as the city of the Anakim.

For the Cayman Islands:

• The islands were uninhabited when charted by Columbus in 1503, but the Arawaks and Caribs probably had visited here. The name comes from the Spanish “caim$00n”, meaning “alligators,” though they were really indigenous iguanas. The Spanish and French visited them, then the British settled here in the 17th century and brought Africans as slaves. The official language is English, though Spanish is also widely spoken.

For Raetia:

• Ancient Roman province including most of Tirol and Vorarlberg in Austria, Graub$04unden in Switzerland, and parts of Bavaria and Baden-W$04urttemberg in Germany. The native inhabitants were probably of mixed Illyrian and Celtic stock. The area was conquered by Rome in 15 BCE; it was important as a point of communications between parts of the empire. As a frontier province, its boundaries shifted; by 450 only the Alpine regions were controlled by Rome.

For Siena, Italy:

• Siena was founded as an Etruscan hill town; later it was the Roman city of Sena Julia (3rd century BCE). It flourished under the Lombard kings (6th century CE) and was a Medieval self-governing commune (constitution dates to 1179). Siena was a Medieval seat of pro-imperial Ghibelline power and was an economic and territorial rival of Guelf (anti-imperial) Florence. The population was ravaged by the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348. Siena was ruled by Charles of Anjou in the 13th century, the Visconti of Milan in the early 15th century, and the Medici of Florence after 1557.

GENERAL DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a single coherent statement covering some or all of a place’s salient characteristics and historical significance.

Form and syntax

Use natural word order. You may use phrases or complete sentences, but always begin the note with a capital letter and end it with a period. Use sentence case (not all capitals or title case). Capitalize proper names. Avoid abbreviations. Write the note in the language of the catalog record (English in the United States). Names and other words in foreign languages may be used within the note when there is no commonly used English equivalent. Use diacritics as appropriate.

This note deals primarily with artistic activity. It may also clarify or explain information related to the place. Topics typically should be structured in the note according to the order below, omitting topics as necessary, depending upon what is important or relevant to the place being described. Topics may include the following, but omit topics that are not relevant:

• disputed issues, sovereignty, or ambiguity regarding the names or critical facts about the place
• possible confusion of the place due to its name being a homograph for a nearby place
• physical description
• description of its location (do NOT repeat the hierarchy information, but you may mention physical features, etc.)
• the first habitation of the place
• its political history, in chronological order
• its importance relative to other places or to the history of art and architecture
• for modern nations, include the languages spoken
• population may be included for inhabited places, provided you cite the date of your source

Various issues

The recommendations below may be altered to accommodate local needs or preferences.

All information in the descriptive note must be derived from an authoritative source. It is highly recommended to cite your source and page number. Do not plagiarize: You may paraphrase the information, but do not copy it verbatim. If information in the note ultimately comes from a literary or unreliable source (as opposed to a modern reliable source), be careful not to state it as if it were proven fact. Do not use this note to record extremely volatile situations that may change in a few months or years. Instead, situations recorded here should be relatively long-standing.

Explain any controversies or issues regarding the identification of the place, its names, history, or any other facts that are in dispute among scholars or experts. If an issue is in dispute, be careful not to express it as a certain fact. When two sources disagree, prefer the information obtained from the most scholarly, authoritative, recent source.

Be objective. Avoid bias or critical judgment, either positive or negative. Express all information in a neutral tone, including politics, religion, artistic styles or works, rulers, people, art, architecture, and events. Do not write from a subjective or biased point of view, even if your source expresses a fact in a subjective way.

In general, avoid including a long list of the names of specific works of art or architecture located in the place. You may mention a few specific works as necessary to make a point.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free text: This is not a controlled field. Use consistent format and syntax when possible. Any significant information in this subcategory should be recorded in the appropriate controlled fields, including names, place types, dates, and significant related places.

DEFINITION

A reference to a bibliographic source or unpublished document that supplied information in this Place/Location Descriptive Note(29.8) subcategory.

EXAMPLES

• New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967-1979)
• Gardner’s Art Through the Ages (1996)
• Grove Art Online (2003-)
• Columbia Gazetteer of the World (1998)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: It is optional but strongly recommended to record the source used for the Place/Location Descriptive Note (29.88). For a full set of rules for citations, see Citations for Sources (27.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Authority: Ideally, this information is controlled by citations in the citations authority; see the Related Textual References (17) category.

DEFINITION

Page number, volume, date accessed for Web sites, and any other information indicating where in the source the information was found.

EXAMPLES

• 54
• 23 ff.
• 7:128

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: For a full set of rules for pages, see Page (27.1.1).

FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Use consistent syntax and format.

DEFINITION

Notes or comments about the Place/Location Authority(29) record.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a note containing additional information or comments on this category. Use consistent syntax and format. For rules regarding writing notes, see the Descriptive Note (18) category.

FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Use consistent syntax and format.

DEFINITION

A reference to a bibliographic source, unpublished document, or individual opinion that provides the basis for the information recorded in this authority record.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the source used for information in this category. For a full set of rules for citations, see Citations for Sources (27.1).

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Authority: Ideally, this information is controlled by citations in the citations authority; see Related Textual References (27).

DEFINITION

Page number, volume, date accessed for Web sites, and any other information indicating where in the source the information was found.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: For a full set of rules for pages, see Page (27.1.1).

FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Use consistent syntax and format.

DEFINITION

A number used to uniquely identify the Place/Location Authority(29) record to the computer system.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: It is optional but highly recommended to use persistent unique numeric identifiers for the Place/Location Authority (29) record in the computer system. Typically, such numeric schemes are composed of a consistent, defined range of integers (e.g., 12 number sequences, such as 100000000123). Alternatively, numbers may be applied sequentially beginning with number one.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: This subcategory is automatically generated and controlled.

• Record Type: administrative entity
  Name:🔺 Burgundy Preference: preferred Language: English
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Name:🔺 Bourgogne Preference: preferred vernacular 
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Name:🔺 Burgund Preference: variant   
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Name:🔺 Bourgogne, duché de Preference: variant    
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Name:🔺 Duchy of Burgundy Preference: variant   
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Broader Context:🔺 Europe
  Europe (continent)
  … France (nation)
  … Burgundy (historical region)
  Place Types:🔺 historical region | kingdom | duchy
  Coordinates:
  Lat: 47 00 00 N degrees minutes
  Long: 004 30 00 E degrees minutes
  (Lat: 47.0000 decimal degrees)
  (Long: 4.5000 decimal degrees)
  Descriptive Note: Historic region that included a kingdom founded by Germanic people in the 5th century CE. It was conquered by the Merovingians and incorporated into the Frankish Empire in the 6th century. It was divided in the 9th century, and united as the Kingdom of Burgundy or Arles in 933. The area flourished culturally during the 14th-15th centuries.
  Note Source: Webster’s Geographical Dictionary (1988) Page: 191
  Citations: Cambridge World Gazetteer (1990) Page: 211

• Record Type: physical feature
  Name:🔺 Ötztaler Alps Preference: preferred    
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Name:🔺 Ötztal Alps Preference: variant   
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Name:🔺 Oetztaler Alps Preference: variant   
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Name:🔺 Venoste, Alpi Preference: variant    
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Name:🔺 Ötztaler Alpen Preference: variant  Name Source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Broader Context:🔺 Alps (Europe)
  Europe (continent)
  … Alps (mountain system)
  … Ötztaler Alps (mountain range)
  Place Type:🔺 mountain range
  Coordinates:
  Lat: 46 45 00 N degrees minutes
  Long: 010 55 00 E degrees minutes
  (Lat: 46.7500 decimal degrees)
  (Long: 10.9167 decimal degrees)
  Descriptive Note: Located in the eastern Alps on the border of South Tirol, Austria, and Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy.
  Citation: Webster’s Geographical Dictionary (1988). Page: 906
  Citation: NIMA, GEOnet Names Server (2000-) Page: accessed 23 November 2003

• Record Type: administrative entity
  Name:🔺 Alexandria Preference: preferred Language: English 
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-). 
  Name Date: used since 4th century BCE, named after Alexander the Great   
  Earliest: -399 Latest: 9999
  Name:🔺 Al-Iskandariyah Preference: preferred vernacular   
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).   
  Name Date: Arabic name used since 640 CE  
  Earliest: 0640 Latest: 9999
  Name:🔺 Alexandrie Preference: variant Language: French  
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Name:🔺 Alejandría Preference: variant Language: Spanish    
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Name:🔺 Alessandria Preference: variant    
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).
  Name:🔺 Alexandria Aegypti Preference: variant Historical: historical   
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).    
  Name Date: Roman name Earliest: -100 Latest: 1500
  Name:🔺 Rhakotis Preference: variant Historical: historical    
  Name Source:🔺 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (1988-).    
  Name Date: name of original village on the site
  Earliest: -800 Latest: -300
  Broader Context:🔺 Urban retion (Egypt)
  Africa (continent)
  … Egypt (nation)
  … Urban (region)
  … Alexandria (inhabited place)
  Place Types: inhabited place | city | regional capital | port
  Coordinates:
  Lat: 31 12 00 N degrees minutes
  Long: 029 54 00 E degrees minutes
  (Lat: 31.2000 decimal degrees)
  (Long: 29.9000 decimal degrees)
  Descriptive Note:_The city is located on a narrow strip of land between the Mediterranean Sea and Lake Mariut; it is now partially submerged. Alexandria was built by the Greek architect Dinocrates for Alexander the Great, and was the renowned capital of the Ptolemies when they ruled Egypt. It was noted for its library and a great lighthouse on the island of Pharos. It was captured by Caesar in 48 BCE, taken by Arabs in 640 and by Turks in 1517. The city was famed for being the site of convergence of Greek, Arab and Jewish ideas. Occupied by the French 1798-1801, by the British in 1892; evacuated by the British in 1946.
  Note Source: Princeton Encyclopedia (1979). Page: 36
  Citation: NIMA, GEOnet Names Server (2000-) Page: accessed 18 April 2003