Stone Conservation
Materials from the "International Course on Stone Conservation"

Photo: Scott S. Warren
The International Course on Stone Conservation is a twelve-week course held biennially in Rome. The course has long served a vital educational role in the conservation profession by offering an accessible and intensive format in which to learn theoretical and practical methodologies for stone conservation. It provides a constructive and intimate forum for international professionals to meet and exchange ideas about the conservation practices and challenges in their home countries.
ICCROM and Getty partnered for four instances of this course in 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015 to improve the practice of stone conservation internationally by providing participants with a holistic understanding of the decay and deterioration of stone, disseminating effective conservation methodologies, and ensuring a practical understanding of appropriate repair methods and long-term management strategies.
The materials below are adapted from the 2013 course.
Course Materials
Module: Introduction and Orientation
Module: History and Theory of Conservation
- History and theory of conservation in the international context
- Values in conservation
- Roman construction techniques
- Stones in Roman construction
- Types of intervention: marrying theory with practice
- Introduction to porous building materials & stone conservation: Part I
- Introduction to porous building materials & stone conservation: Part 2
- Introduction to the history and conservation of the Non-Catholic Cemetery
Module: Stone: Material Characteristics and Use as a Building Material
- Geology and mineralogy/Microscopy, petrography and stone identification
- Stone weathering and decay
- Stone matching and selection
- Working techniques of stone
- Documentation and recording
- Introduction to mortars: history, constituents, and chemistry
- Lime mortars: properties and uses
- Mixing mortars
- Masonry systems: stonework and mortar
- Mechanical properties of stone in masonry
- Historic mortars: pointing and filling
- Historic mortars: investigation and analysis
- Mortar fabrication and application
Module: Deterioration Mechanisms and Methods of Survey and Analysis
- Overview of deterioration mechanism
- Morphology of stone decay including terminology and mapping techniques
- Non-destructive techniques of investigation
- Mechanical properties of masonry constructions & structural mechanism of decay: Part 1
- Mechanical properties of masonry constructions & structural mechanism of decay: Part 2
- Microdestructive diagnostic criteria and techniques/Sampling methodology
- Environmental factors of deterioration
- Air pollution and interaction of water and porous building materials
- Moisture sources and effects/Diagnosis of moisture sources
- Moisture and its control
- Salts and frost weathering
- Lab: salt analysis
- Hands on techniques: pinning and adhesives, grouting and mortar integration
- Ecology and mechanisms of biodeterioration
- Microbiological deterioration
- Cimitero Acattolico: in situ examination, sampling and treatment tests
- Lab: Biodeterioration/Sample characterization
- Vegetation control
Module: Conservation Interventions and Treatments: Selection and Implementation
- Methodological approach to conservation interventions
- Structural repairs
- Emergency and preventive interventions
- Practical repair options
- Architectural repairs
- Archaeological site repairs
- Structural repair of sculpture: doweling, packing, and moving
- Cleaning, cleaning systems, & cleaning of sandstone, and limestone
- Graffiti cleaning / Coatings: maintenance, removal and reapplication
- Consolidation: water and lime-based, including nanolime
- Methods of desalination: control and mitigation, poulticing for salts
- Introduction to consolidation
- Consolidation: solvent based
- Consolidants: alkoxysilane based
- Issues in consolidation of marble: St. Trophime case study
- Evaluating performance of consolidants: lab methods and protocols
- Consolidation: application methods and object conditions
- Lab: uptake of water and stone consolidants and effects of water repellants
- Durability and retreatability of ethyl silicate treatments
- Evaluating performance of consolidants: field methods
- Treatment with water repellants
- Conservation of historical paint on stone
- Control and prevention of biological growth/Methods for evaluating biocides
- Mosaic conservation
- Diagnosis and treatment of granite and case study conservation of granite
- Coral stone and gypsum-based mortars