Bibliography

Accorsi et al. 2009
Accorsi, Gianluca, Giovanni Verri, Margherita Bolognesi, Nicola Armaroli, Catia Clementi, Costanza Miliani, and Aldo Romani. 2009. “The Exceptional Near-Infrared Luminescence Properties of Cuprorivaite (Egyptian Blue).” Chemical Communications, no. 23, 3392–94. https://doi.org/10.1039/B902563D.
Aceto et al. 2014
Aceto, Maurizio, Angelo Agostino, Gaia Fenoglio, Ambra Idone, Monica Gulmini, Marcello Picollo, Paola Ricciardi, and John K. Delaney. 2014. “Characterisation of Colourants on Illuminated Manuscripts by Portable Fibre Optic UV-Visible-NIR Reflectance Spectrophotometry.” Analytical Methods 6 (5): 1488–1500. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ay41904e.
Adrian 1893
Adrian, Louis Alphonse. 1893. Exposition internationale de Chicago, 1893, compte rendu des groupes 87 et 88, Comité 19: Produits chimiques et pharmaceutiques, matériel de la peinture, parfumerie. A. Hennuyer.
Aldrovandi et al. 2004
Aldrovandi, Alfredo, Ezio Buzzegoli, Annette Keller, and Diane Kunzelman. 2004. “Indagini su superfici dipinte mediante immagini UV riflesse in falso colore.” OPD Restauro, no. 16, 83–87, 197–99. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24392513.
Allen 2005
Allen, James, ed. 2005. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Allen 2019
Allen, Ruth. 2019. “‘Eye-Like Radiance’: The Depiction of Gemstones in Roman Wall Painting.” Arts 8 (2): 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts8020060.
American Institute for Conservation 1994
American Institute for Conservation. 1994. “Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice; Commentaries.” https://www.culturalheritage.org/docs/default-source/administration/governance/code-of-ethics-and-guidelines-for-practice.pdf.
American Institute for Conservation 2015
American Institute for Conservation. 2015. “Commentaries to the Guidelines for Practice of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic & Artistic Works.” https://www.culturalheritage.org/docs/default-source/administration/governance/commentaries-to-the-guidelines.pdf.
Amsen 2020
Amsen, Eva. 2020. “Facial Reconstruction Suggests that Some Egyptian Mummy Portraits Were Painted after Death.” Forbes, September 27. https://www.forbes.com/sites/evaamsen/2020/09/27/facial-reconstruction-suggests-that-some-egyptian-mummy-portraits-were-painted-after-death/.
Anderson 2019
Anderson, Jaynie. 2019. The Life of Giovanni Morelli in Risorgimento Italy. Officina Libraria.
Apostolaki 2005
Apostolaki, Chrisi. 2005. “Study of Roman Mortars and Wall Painting Colourants from Ancient Corinth.” Master of Science thesis, Technical University of Crete. http://purl.tuc.gr/dl/dias/64FA6667-B23B-486A-A5FF-4291AB79E3B6.
Arnold and Valladas 1991
Arnold, Maurice, and Héléne Valladas. 1991. “Datation carbone 14 de la tête de harpe en bois.” La Revue du Louvre et des musées de France 1: 7. https://agorha.inha.fr/ark:/54721/b06e9134-528f-4f27-836d-8ff2190104fa.
Asensi Amorós and Détienne 2008
Asensi Amorós, Victoria, and Pierre Détienne. 2008. “Les bois utilisés pour les portraits peints en Egypte à l’époque romaine.” In Aubert and Cortopassi 2008.
Asensi Amorós et al. 2001
Asensi Amorós, Victoria, Sylvie Colinart, Madeleine Fabre, Catherine Gras, Hélène Guichard, Daniel Jaunard, and Sylvie Watelet. 2001. “Survivre au-delà de la mort: Les portraits funéraires égyptiens du musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon.” Technè, nos. 13–14, 119–30.
Aubert 2000
Aubert, Marie-France. 2000. “Portraits from Antinoopolis and Other Sites.” In Walker 2000A.
Aubert and Cortopassi 2008
Aubert, Marie-France, and Roberta Cortopassi. 2008. Portraits funéraires de l’Égypte romaine. Volume 2. Réunion des musées nationaux and Éditions Kheops.
Augusti 1967
Augusti, Selim. 1967. I colori Pompeiani. De Luca.
Bagnall and Frier 1994
Bagnall, Roger S., and Bruce Frier. 1994. The Demography of Roman Egypt. Cambridge University Press.
Bąkowska-Czerner and Czerner 2022
Bąkowska-Czerner, Grażyna, and Rafał Czerner. 2022. “Marina El-Alamein as an Example of Painting Decoration of Main Spaces of Hellenistic-Roman Houses in Egypt.” Arts 11 (1): 2.
Barr 2020
Barr, Judith. 2020. “From All Sides: The APPEAR Project and Mummy Portrait Provenance.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Barr et al. 2019
Barr, Judith, Clara M. ten Berge, Jan M. van Daal, and Branko F. van Oppen de Ruiter. 2019. “The Girl with the Golden Wreath: Four Perspectives on a Mummy Portrait.” Arts 8 (3): 92–122.
Becker 2021
Becker, Hilary. 2021. “Pigment Nomenclature in the Ancient Near East, Greece, and Rome.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14 (20). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01394-1.
Bell, Clark, and Gibbs 1997
Bell, Ian M., Robyn J. H. Clark, and Peter J. Gibbs. 1997. “Raman Spectroscopic Library of Natural and Synthetic Pigments (pre- ≈ 1850 AD).” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 53 (12): 2159–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-1425(97)00140-6.
Benitez 2018
Benitez, Francisco. 2018. “Francisco Benitez.” http://www.franciscobenitez.com/.
Bernhard 1947
Bernhard, Maria Ludwika. 1947. “Zbiory Sztuki Starożytnej w Muzeum Narodowym w Warszawie w latach 1939–1946.” Archeologia 1: 302–9.
Berrie 1997
Berrie, Barbara. “Prussian Blue.” 1997. In vol. 3 of Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, edited by Elizabeth FitzHugh. National Gallery of Art.
Bierbrier 1997
Bierbrier, Morris. 1997. “The Discovery of the Mummy Portraits.” In Walker and Bierbrier 1997.
Bierbrier 2012
Bierbrier, Morris L. 2012. Who Was Who in Egyptology. 4th ed. Egyptian Exploration Society.
Bietenholz 1962
Bietenholz, Peter G. 1962. “Pietro Della Valle 1586–1652.” Studien zur Geschichte der Orientkenntnis und des Orientbildes im Abendlande 85: 205–8.
Biron and Pierrat-Bonnefois 2007
Biron, Isabelle, and Geneviève Pierrat-Bonnefois. 2007. “La tête égyptienne en verre bleu du musée du Louvre.” L’actualité chimique, nos. 312–313 (October–November): 47–52.
Bishop and Murad 2005
Bishop, Janice, and Enver Murad. 2005. “The Visible and Infrared Spectral Properties of Jarosite and Alunite.” American Mineralogist 90 (7): 1100–1107.
Bisulca et al. 2021
Bisulca, Christina, Ellen Hanspach-Bernal, Aaron Steele, and Caroline Roberts. 2021. “Deconstructing an Ancient Egyptian Mummy Portrait.” Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts 95 (1): 12–14.
Borchardt 1930
Borchardt, Ludwig. 1930. “Ägyptische ‘Altertümer’, die ich für neuzeitlich halte.” Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 65 (1): unnumbered appendix.
Borg 1996
Borg, Barbara. 1996. Mumienporträts: Chronologie und kulturelle Kontext. Philipp von Zabern.
Borg 1997
Borg, Barbara. 1997. “The Dead as a Guest at Table: Continuity and Change in the Egyptian Cult of the Dead.” In Portraits and Masks: Burial Customs in Roman Egypt, edited by Morris L. Bierbrier. The British Museum.
Borg 1998
Borg, Barbara. 1998. “Der zierlichste Anblick der Welt…” In Ägyptische Porträtmumien. Phillip von Zabern.
Borg and Most 2000
Borg, Barbara E., and Glenn W. Most. 2000. “The Face of the Elite.” Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics, 3rd ser., 8 (1): 63–96. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20163786.
Borromeo et al. 2020
Borromeo, Georgina E., Ingrid A. Neuman, Scott Collins, Catherine Cooper, Derek Merck, and David Murray. 2020. “Framing the Heron Panel: Iconographic and Technical Comparanda.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Bostock and Riley 1855
Bostock, J., and H. Riley, trans. 1855. The Natural History (Naturalis Historia). By Pliny the Elder. Taylor and Francis; Henry G. Bohn.
Bouchard and Smith 2003
Bouchard, Michel, and David C. Smith. 2003. “Catalogue of 45 Reference Raman Spectra of Minerals Concerning Research in Art History or Archaeology, Especially on Corroded Metals and Coloured Glass.” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 59 (10): 2247–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-1425(03)00069-6.
Boust and Wohlgelmuth 2017
Boust, Clotilde, and Anne Wohlgelmuth. 2017. “Database: Pigments under UV and IR Radiations.” Scientific Imaging for Cultural Heritage/Images scientifiques pour le patrimoine. Hypotheses, August 18. Accessed June 30, 2021. https://copa.hypotheses.org/552.
Bradley et al. 2020
Bradley, Lauren, Jessica Ford, Dawn Kriss, Victoria Schussler, Federica Pozzi, Elena Basso, and Lisa Bruno. 2020. “Evaluating Multiband Reflectance Image Subtraction for the Characterization of Indigo in Romano-Egyptian Funerary Portraits.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Bragantini 2010
Bragantini, Irene. 2010. Atti del X Congresso internazionale dell’AIPMA, Association internationale pour la peinture murale antique, Napoli 17-21 Settembre 2007 / a cura di Irene Bragantini. Annali di Archeologia e Storia Antica. Quaderni / Dipartimento di Studi del Mondo Classico e del Mediterraneo Antico, no. 18. Napoli: Universitá degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale.”
Brecoulaki 2014
Brecoulaki, Harikleia, 2014. “‘Precious Colours’ in Ancient Greek Polychromy and Painting: Material Aspects and Symbolic Values.” Revue Archéologique, no. 1, 3–35. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24751260.
Brecoulaki et al. 2019
Brecoulaki, Hariclia, Giovanni Verri, Brigitte Bourgeois, Francesco Paolo Romano, Andreas G. Karydas, Claudia Caliri, Elena Martín González, and Giorgos Kavvadias. 2019. “The ‘Lost Art’ of Archaic Greek Painting: Revealing New Evidence on the Pitsa Pinakes through MA-XRF and Imaging Techniques.” Technè 48: 34–54. https://doi.org/10.4000/techne.2046.
Bredal-Jørgensen et al. 2011
Bredal-Jørgensen, Jørn, Jana Sanyova, Vibeke Rask, Maria Louise Sargent, and Rikke Hoberg Therkildsen. 2011. “Striking Presence of Egyptian Blue Identified in a Painting by Giovanni Battista Benvenuto from 1524.” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 401: 1433–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5140-y.
Briefel 2006
Briefel, Aviva. 2006. The Deceivers: Art Forgery and Identity in the Nineteenth Century. Cornell University Press.
Brill 1980
Brill, Thomas B. 1980. Light: Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities. Plenum.
Broecke 2015
Broecke, Lara, trans. 2015. Cennino Cennini’s Il Libro Dell’arte: A New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription. Archetype.
Brøns et al. 2023
Brøns, Cecilie, Jens Stenger, Richard Newman, Caroline Cartwright, Fabiana Di Gianvincenzo, Anna Katerinopoulou, Luise Ørsted Brandt, Negar Haghipour, and Laura Hendriks. 2023. “‘A Lost Chapter of Ancient Art’: Archaeometric Examinations of Panel Paintings from Roman Egypt.” Studies in Conservation 69 (7): 557–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2023.2256132.
Bruhn 1993
Bruhn, Jutta-Annette. 1993. Coins and Costume in Late Antiquity. Dumbarton Oaks.
Buckley et al. 2009
Buckley, Michael, Matthew Collins, Jane Thomas-Oates, and Julie C. Wilson. 2009. “Species Identification by Analysis of Bone Collagen Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.” Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 23 (23): 3843–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4316.
Burgio and Clark 2001
Burgio, Lucia, and Robyn J. H. Clark. 2001. “Library of FT-Raman Spectra of Pigments, Minerals, Pigment Media and Varnishes, and Supplement to Existing Library of Raman Spectra of Pigments with Visible Excitation.” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 57 (7): 1491–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-1425(00)00495-9.
Caley 2008
Caley, Earle Radcliffe. 2008. The Leyden and Stockholm Papyri. Oesper Collections in the History of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati.
Cardon et al. 2018
Cardon, Dominique, Witold Nowik, Adam Bülow-Jacobsen, Renata Marcinowska, Katarzyna Kusyk, and Marek Trojanowicz. 2018. “La pourpre en Egypte romaine: Récentes découvertes, implications techniques, économiques et sociales.” In Les arts de la couleur en Grèce ancienne… et ailleurs, edited by Philippe Jockey. École française d’Athènes.
Cartwright 1997A
Cartwright, Caroline R. 1997. “Egyptian Mummy Portraits: Examining the Woodworkers’ Craft.” In Portraits and Masks: Burial Customs in Roman Egypt, edited by Morris Bierbrier. The British Museum.
Cartwright 1997B
Cartwright, Caroline R. 1997. Wood identifications for Walker and Bierbrier 1997, multiple pages.
Cartwright 2015
Cartwright, Caroline R. 2015. “The Principles, Procedures and Pitfalls in Identifying Archaeological and Historical Wood Samples.” Annals of Botany 116 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv056.
Cartwright 2020
Cartwright, Caroline R. 2020. “Understanding Wood Choices for Ancient Panel Painting and Mummy Portraits in the APPEAR Project through Scanning Electron Microscopy.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020. https://www.getty.edu/publications/mummyportraits/part-one/2.
Cartwright 2022
Cartwright, Caroline R. 2022. “Identification of the Wood Used for the Mummy Portrait 25.2 in the Collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts, Michigan.” Internal Document, Department of Scientific Research, The British Museum.
Cartwright and Middleton 2008
Cartwright, Caroline R., and Andrew P. Middleton. 2008. “Scientific Aspects of Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Egypt.” The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 2: 59–66.
Cartwright, Spaabæk, and Svoboda 2011
Caroline R. Cartwright, Lin Rosa Spaabæk, and Marie Svoboda. 2011. “Portrait Mummies from Roman Egypt: Ongoing Collaborative Research on Wood Identification.” The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 5: 49–58.
Casadio et al. 2019
Casadio, Francesca, Katrien Keune, Petria Noble, Annelies Van Loon, Ella Hendriks, Silvia A. Centeno, and Gillian Osmond. 2019. Metal Soaps in Art. Springer International.
Centeno 2016
Centeno, Silvia A. 2016. “Identification of Artistic Materials in Paintings and Drawings by Raman Spectroscopy: Some Challenges and Future Outlook.” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 47 (1): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.4767.
Challis 2013
Challis, Debbie. 2013. The Archaeology of Race. Bloomsbury.
Chatterjee and Hannan 2016
Chatterjee, Helen J., and Leonie Hannan. 2016. Engaging the Senses: Object-Based Learning in Higher Education. Routledge.
Christie’s New York 2005
Christie’s New York. 2005. “An Egyptian Painted Wood Mummy Portrait of a Woman.” Auction Catalogue (Sale 1584). December 9. Accessed August 13, 2019. https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/an-egyptian-painted-wood-mummy-portrait-of-4617234-details.aspx.
Christie’s New York 2011
Christie’s New York. 2011. “An Egyptian Painted Wood Mummy Portrait of a Woman.” Auction Catalogue (Sale 2450). June 9. Accessed August 13, 2019. https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/an-egyptian-painted-wood-mummy-portrait-of-5443249-details.aspx.
Clarysse 1995
Clarysse, Willy. 1995. “Greeks in Ptolemaic Thebes.” In Hundred-Gated Thebes: Acts of a Colloquium on Thebes and the Theban Area in the Graeco-Roman Period, edited by Sven P. Vleeming. Brill.
Clementi et al. 2008
Clementi, Catia, Brenda Doherty, Pier Luigi Gentili, Costanza Miliani, Aldo Romani, Bruno G. Brunetti, and Antonio Sgamellotti. 2008. “Vibrational and Electronic Properties of Painting Lakes.” Applied Physics A 92 (1): 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4474-6.
Clerc (1847) 2009
Clerc, Alfred. 1847. “Lettre à M. De Saulcy sur Quelques Antiquités Égyptiennes et sur le Boeuf Apis.” Revue Archéologique 3 (2): 649–67. Translated in Fiechter 2009. Flammarion.
Colinart and Grappin‐Wsevolojsky 1999
Colinart, Sylvie, and Sibille Grappin-Wsevolojsky. 1999. “La cire punique: Étude critique des recettes antiques et de leur interprétation; Application aux portraits du Fayoum.” In ICOM-CC 12th Triennial Meeting, Lyon, vol. 1, edited by Janet Bridgland and Jessica Brown. James & James.
Colinart et al. 2001
Colinart, Sylvie, et al. 2001. “Masques funéraires égyptiens de l’époque romaine.” In Le plâtre: L’art et la matière, edited by Georges Barthe. Créaphis.
Colombo 1995
Colombo, L. 1995. I colori degli antichi. Nardini.
Connan 1999
Connan, Jacques. 1999. “Use and Trade of Bitumen in Antiquity and Prehistory: Molecular Archaeology Reveals Secrets of Past Civilizations.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 354 (1379): 33–50. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0358.
Cooney 1950
Cooney, John D. 1950. “A Reexamination of Some Egyptian Antiquities.” Brooklyn Museum Bulletin 11 (3): 11–26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26458610.
Corcoran 1995
Corcoran, Lorelei H. 1995. Portrait Mummies from Roman Egypt (I–IV Centuries AD): With a Catalog of Portrait Mummies in Egyptian Museums. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
Corcoran and Svoboda 2010
Corcoran, Lorelei H., and Marie Svoboda. 2010. Herakleides: A Portrait Mummy from Roman Egypt. J. Paul Getty Museum.
Cosentino 2013
Cosentino, Antonino. 2013. “Infrared False Color for Art Examination.” Cultural Heritage Science Open Source. February 13. Accessed June 20, 2020. https://chsopensource.org/photoshop-for-multispectral-imaging-speeding-up-workflow/.
Cosentino 2014
Cosentino, Antonino. 2014. “Identification of Pigments by Multispectral Imaging: A Flowchart Method.” Conservation Heritage Science 2 (8): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-7445-2-8.
Cowell and Craddock 1995
Cowell, M. R., and P. T. Craddock. 1995. “Addendum: Copper in the Skin of Lindow Man.” In Bog Bodies: New Discoveries and New Perspectives, edited by R. C. Turner and R. G. Scaife, 74–75. British Museum Press.
Cucci et al. 2019
Cucci, Costanza, E. Keats Webb, Andrea Casini, Marina Ginanni, Elena Prandi, Lorenzo Stefani, Tatiana Vitorino, and Marcello Picollo. 2019. “Short-Wave Infrared Reflectance Hyperspectral Imaging for Painting Investigations: A Methodological Study.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 58 (1–2): 16–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2018.1543102.
Cumbo 2019
Cumbo, Cristina. 2019. Le c.d. gammadiae nelle catacombe cristiane di Roma: Censimento, confronti ed ipotesi interpretative. BAR Publishing.
Cuní et al. 2012
Cuní, Jorge, Pedro Cuní, Brielle Eisen, Rubén Savizkyc, and John Bové. 2012. “Characterization of the Binding Medium Used in Roman Encaustic Paintings on Wall and Wood.” Analytical Methods 4 (3): 659–69. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2AY05635F.
Dandrau 1999
Dandrau, Alain. 1999. “La peinture murale minoenne, I. La palette du peintre égéen et égyptien à l’Âge du Bronze: Nouvelles données analytiques.” Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 123 (1): 1–41. https://www.persee.fr/doc/bch_0007-4217_1999_num_123_1_7209.
Dasen 2008
Dasen, Véronique. 2008. “Le secret d’Omphale.” Revue Archéologique 46 (2): 265–81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23911294.
Daszewski 2008
Daszewski, Wiktor Andrzej. 2008. “Graeco-Roman Town and Necropolis in Marina El-Alamei.” Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 20: 421–56.
Davies 1984
Davies, W. Vivian. 1984. The Statuette of Queen Tetisheri: A Reconsideration. The British Museum.
Davis 1989
Davis, Whitney M. 1989. The Canonical Tradition in Ancient Egyptian Art. Cambridge University Press.
Davis 2021
Davis, Paul R. 2021. “The Twentieth-Century Life of a ‘Hellenistic’ or ‘Imperial Roman’ Statue of a Bull.” In Hopkins, Costello, and Davis 2021.
Davy 1815
Davy, Humphry. 1815. “Some Experiments and Observations on the Colours Used in Painting by the Ancients.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 105: 97–124. https://www.jstor.org/stable/107361.
Dean-Jones 1991
Dean-Jones, Lesley. 1991. “The Cultural Construct of the Female Body in Classical Greek Science.” In Women’s History and Ancient History, edited by Sarah B. Pomeroy. University of North Carolina Press.
de Cenival 1991
de Cenival, Jean-Louis. 1991. “La fin de la tête de harpe.” La Revue du Louvre et des musées de France 1: 6–7.
de Faria, Silva, and de Oliveira 1997
de Faria, Dalva L. A., S. Venâncio Silva, and M. T. de Oliveira. 1997. “Raman Microspectroscopy of Some Iron Oxides and Oxyhydroxides.” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 28 (11): 873–78.
Delamare, Monge, and Repoux 2004
Delamare, François, Gabriel Monge, and Monique Repoux. 2004. “À la recherche de différentes qualités marchandes dans les bleus égyptiens trouvés à Pompéi.” Rivista di Studi Pompeiani 15: 89–107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44291046.
Delaney et al. 2017
Delaney, John K., Kathryn A. Dooley, Roxanne Radpour, and Ioanna Kakoulli. 2017. “Macroscale Multimodal Imaging Reveals Ancient Painting Production Technology and the Vogue in Greco-Roman Egypt.” Scientific Reports 7 (1): 15509. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15743-5.
de la Rie 1982
de la Rie, E. René. 1982. “Fluorescence of Paint and Varnish Layers (Part I).” Studies in Conservation 27 (1): 1–7.
de Vartavan 2007
de Vartavan, Christian T. 2007. “Pistacia Species in Relation to Their Use as Varnish and ‘Incense’ (Sntr) in Pharaonic Egypt.” Bulletin of Parthian and Mixed Oriental Studies, no. 2, 63–92.
de Vartavan 2009
de Vartavan, Christian T. 2009. “Labeling Ancient Egyptian Complex-Media Varnish as ‘Imperial.’” Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 1 (2): 26–28.
De Viguerie et al. 2018
De Viguerie, Laurence, Sophie Rochut, Matthias Alfeld, Philippe Walter, Sophie Astier, Valérie Gontero, and Florence Boulc’h. 2018. “XRF and Reflectance Hyperspectral Imaging on a 15th-Century Illuminated Manuscript: Combining Imaging and Quantitative Analysis to Understand the Artist’s Technique.” Heritage Science 6: 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-018-0177-2.
Dietemann et al. 2017
Dietemann, Patrick, Heike Stege, Ursula Baumer, Andrea Obermeier, Christoph Steuer, Luise Sand, Catharine Blӓndsdorf, Elisabeth Fugmann, and Kristian Kaiser. 2017. “Pigmente und Bindemittel antiker Mumienporträts.” In Inkarnat und Signifikanz: Das menschliche Abbild in der Tafelmalerei von 200 bis 1250 im Mittelmeerraum, edited by Yvonne Schmuhl and Esther Pia Wipfler. Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte.
Doxiadis 1995
Doxiadis, Euphrosyne. 1995. The Mysterious Fayum Portraits: Faces from Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson.
Drerup 1933
Drerup, Heinrich. 1933. Die Datierung der Mumienporträts. Ferdinand Schönigh.
Drimmer 2022
Drimmer, Sonja. 2022. “Connoisseurship, Art History, and the Paleographical Impasse in Middle English Studies.” Speculum 97 (2): 415–68.
Duce et al. 2012
Duce, Celia, Lisa Ghezzi, Massimo Onor, Ilaria Bonaduce, Maria Perla Colombini, Maria Rosaria Tine’, and Emilia Bramanti. 2012. “Physico-Chemical Characterisation of Protein-Pigment Interactions in Tempera Paint Reconstructions: Casein/Cinnabar and Albumin/Cinnabar.” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 402 (6): 2183–93.
Dunand and Zivie-Coche 2004
Dunand, Françoise, and Christiane Zivie-Coche. 2004. Gods and Men in Egypt: 3000 BCE to 395 CE. Cornell University Press.
Dyer and Newman 2020
Dyer, Joanne, and Nicola Newman. 2020. “Multispectral Imaging Techniques Applied to the Study of Romano‑Egyptian Funerary Portraits at the British Museum.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Dyer, Verri, and Cupitt 2013
Dyer, Joanne, Giovanni Verri, and John Cupitt. 2013. Multispectral Imaging in Reflectance and Photo-Induced Luminescence Modes: A User Manual. The British Museum.
Eastaugh et al. 2004
Eastaugh, Nicholas, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, and Ruth Siddall. 2004. Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Eastaugh et al. 2008
Eastaugh, Nicholas, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, and Ruth Siddall. 2008. Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments. 3rd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Eastlake 1891
Eastlake, Elizabeth. 1891. “Giovanni Morelli: Patriot and Critic.” Quarterly Review 173: 235.
Ebbinghaus et al. 2022A
Ebbinghaus, Susanne, Georgina Rayner, Kate Smith, and Jen Thum. 2022. “Funerary Portraits from Roman Egypt: Facing Forward.” Harvard Art Museums. Accessed September 2, 2022. https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/770.
Ebbinghaus et al. 2022B
Ebbinghaus, Susanne, Georgina Rayner, Kate Smith, and Jen Thum. 2022. “Portrait of a Woman.” Harvard Art Museums. Accessed December 28, 2022. https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/funerary-portraits-from-roman-egypt-facing-forward-2/slide/12405.
Ebbinghaus et al. 2022C
Ebbinghaus, Susanne, Georgina Rayner, Kate Smith, and Jen Thum. 2022. “Results of Technical Studies.” Harvard Art Museums. Accessed December 28, 2022. https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/funerary-portraits-from-roman-egypt-facing-forward/stop/2609.
Ebbinghaus et al. 2022D
Ebbinghaus, Susanne, Georgina Rayner, Kate Smith, and Jen Thum. 2022. “Tracing the Path to the Museum.” Harvard Art Museums. Accessed September 2, 2022. https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/funerary-portraits-from-roman-egypt-facing-forward-2/slide/12413.
Ebers 1893
Ebers, Georg. 1893. Antike Portraits: Die hellenistischen Bildnisse aus dem Fajjûm. Leipzig.
Edgar 1905
Edgar, Campbell C. 1905. Graeco-Egyptian Coffins and Portraits: Catalogue général des antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. Imprimerie de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale.
Edwards Howell et al. 2007
Edwards Howell, G. M., Ben Stern, Susana E. Jorge Villar, and A. Rosalie David. 2007. “Combined FT-Raman Spectroscopic and Mass Spectrometric Study of Ancient Egyptian Sarcophagal Fragments.” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 387 (3): 829–36.
El-Rifai, Mahgoub, and Ide-Ektassabi 2016
El-Rifai, Ibrahim, Hend Mahgoub, and Ari Ide-Ektessabi. 2016. “Multi-Spectral Imaging System (IWN) for the Digitization and Investigation of Cultural Heritage.” In Digital Heritage. Progress in Cultural Heritage: Documentation, Preservation, and Protection: 6th International Conference, EuroMed 2016, Nicosia, Cyprus, October 31–November 5, 2016, Proceedings, Part I. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48496-9_19.
Elston and Maish 2001
Elston, Maya, and Jeffrey Maish. 2001. “Technical Investigation of a Painted Romano-Egyptian Sarcophagus from the Fourth Century A.D.” In vol. 2 of Studia Varia from the J. Paul Getty Museum. J. Paul Getty Museum.
Fairbanks and Fairbanks 2005
Fairbanks, Avard T., and Eugene F. Fairbanks. 2005. Human Proportions for Artists. Fairbanks Art and Books.
Feller 1986
Feller, Robert. 1986. “Barium Sulfate.” In vol. 1 of Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, edited by Robert Feller. National Gallery of Art.
Fiechter 2009
Fiechter, Jean-Jacques. 2009. Egyptian Fakes: Masterpieces That Duped the Art World and the Experts Who Uncovered Them. Flammarion.
FitzHugh 1986
FitzHugh, Elisabeth West. 1986. “Red Lead and Minium.” In vol. 1 of Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, edited by Robert Feller. National Gallery of Art.
Fouqué 1889
Fouqué, Ferdinand. 1889. “Sur le bleu égyptien ou vestorien.” Comptes-rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences 108: 325–27.
Fournet 2004
Fournet, Jean-Luc. 2004. “Deux textes relatifs à des couleurs: 1. Liste mentionnant des teintures (P. Société Fouad inv. 99); 2. Un portrait avec des indications destinées au peintre (Phoebe Hearst Museum [Berkeley] inv. 6/21378b).” In Gedenkschrift Ulrike Horak (P. Horak), edited by Hermann Harrauer and Rosario Pintaudi. Papyrologica Florentina 34. Gonnelli.
Freccero 2000
Freccero, Agneta. 2000. Fayum Portraits: Documentation and Scientific Analysis of Mummy Portraits Belonging to Nationalmuseum in Stockholm. Acta Universitatis Gothoborgensis.
Fulcher et al. 2021
Fulcher, Kate, Margaret Serpico, John H. Taylor, and Rebecca Stacey. 2021. “Molecular Analysis of Black Coatings and Anointing Fluids from Ancient Egyptian Coffins, Mummy Cases, and Funerary Objects.” PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118 (18): e2100885118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100885118
Galán 2007
Galán, José M. 2007. “An Apprentice’s Board from Dra Abu el-Naga.” JEA (Journal of Egyptian Archaeology) 93 (2007): 95–116.
Ganio et al. 2015
Ganio, Monica, Johanna Salvant, Jane Williams, Lynn Lee, Oliver Cossairt, and Marc Walton. 2015. “Investigating the Use of Egyptian Blue in Roman Egyptian Portraits and Panels from Tebtunis, Egypt.” Applied Physics A 121 (3): 813–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-015-9424-5.
Gänsicke 2010
Gänsicke, Susanne. 2010. “The Conservation of Decorated Organic Egyptian Surfaces: A Literature Review.” In Decorated Surfaces on Ancient Egyptian Objects: Technology, Deterioration, and Conservation; Proceedings of a Conference Held in Cambridge, UK, on 7–8 September 2007, edited by Julie Dawson, Christina Rozeik, and Margot M. Wright. Archetype.
Gehad et al. 2022
Gehad, Basem, Lorelai H. Corcoran, Mahmoud Ibrahim, Ahmed Hammad, Mohamed Samah, Abd Allah Abdo, and Omar Fekry. 2022. “Newly Discovered Mummy Portraits from the Necropolis of Ancient Philadelphia–Fayum.” BIFAO 122, 245–64. https://journals.openedition.org/bifao/11727.
Gemological Institute of America N.D.
Gemological Institute of America. n.d. “Buyer’s Guide.” Accessed September 9, 2022. https://www.gia.edu/emerald/buyers-guide.
Granger 1931
Granger, Frank, trans. 1931. On Architecture; Volume I: Books 1–5. By Vitruvius. Harvard University Press.
Granger 1934
Granger, Frank, trans. 1934. On Architecture; Volume II: Books 6–10. By Vitruvius. Harvard University Press.
Griswold 2014
Griswold, Geneva. 2014. “Light as a Feather, Stiff as a Board: Highlights from the Objects Lab at the Walters Art Museum.” Unpublished document. Walters Art Museum.
Gschwantler 2000
Gschwantler, Kurt. 2000. “Graeco-Roman Portraiture.” In Walker 2000A.
Halleux 1981
Halleux, Robert. 1981. Les alchimistes grecs. Tome I. Papyrus de Leyde. Papyrus de Stockholm. Fragments de recettes. Texte établi et traduit par Robert Halleux. Les Belles Lettres.
Hanke 1961
Hanke, Rainer. 1961. Untersuchungen zur Komposition des ägyptischen Flachbildes. PhD diss. Kramer.
Hardwick 2010
Hardwick, Tom. 2010. “A Group of Art Works in the Amarna Style.” In Offerings to the Discerning Eye: An Egyptological Medley in Honor of Jack A. Josephson, edited by Sue D’Auria. Brill.
Hart 2016
Hart, Mary Louise. 2016. “A Portrait of a Bearded Man Flanked by Isis and Serapis.” In Icon, Cult and Context: Sacred Spaces and Objects in the Classical World, edited by Maura K. Heyn and Ann Irvine Steinsapir. UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press.
Hatchfield and Newman 1991
Hatchfield, Pamela, and Richard Newman. 1991. “Ancient Egyptian Gilding Methods.” In Gilded Wood: Conservation and History, edited by Deborah Bigelow et al. Sound View Press.
Haugan and Holst 2013
Haugan, E., and Bodil Holst. 2013. “Determining the Fibrillar Orientation of Bast Fibers with Polarized Light Microscopy: The Modified Herzog Test (Red Plate Test) Explained.” Journal of Microscopy 252 (2): 159–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12079.
Henzel, Watanabe, and Stults 2003
Henzel, William J., Colin Watanabe, and John T. Stults. 2003. “Protein Identification: The Origins of Peptide Mass Fingerprinting.” Journal of the American Society of Mass Spectrometry 14 (9): 931–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-0305(03)00214-9.
Hetherington 1996
Hetherington, Paul, trans. 1996. The “Painter’s Manual” of Dionysius of Fourna. By Dionysius of Fourna. Oakwood.
Hett 1936
Hett, W., trans. 1936. Minor Works: On Colours, On Things Heard, Physiognomics, On Plants, On Marvelous Things Heard, Mechanical Problems, On Indivisible Lines, The Situations and Names of Words, On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgia. By Aristotle. Harvard University Press.
Hillyer 1984
Hillyer, Lynda. 1984. “The Conservation of a Group of Painted Mummy Cloths from Roman Egypt.” Studies in Conservation 29 (1): 1–9.
Hofko et al. 2017
Hofko, Bernhard, Mohammad Zia Alavi, Hinrich Grothe, David Jones, and John Harvey. 2017. “Repeatability and Sensitivity of FTIR ATR Spectral Analysis Methods for Bituminous Binders.” Materials and Structures 50 (3): 1–15.
Hopkins, Costello, and Davis 2021
Hopkins, John N., Sarah K. Costello, and Paul R. Davis, eds. 2021. Object Biographies: Collaborative Approaches to Ancient Mediterranean Art. Yale University Press.
Horie 1987
Horie, Charles V. 1987. Materials for Conservation. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Hoving 1997
Hoving, Thomas. 1997. False Impressions: The Hunt for Big-Time Art Fakes. Touchstone.
Ichimiya 2021
Ichimiya, Yae. 2021. “FORS Identification of Azurite, Indigo, and Prussian Blue in Chinese Paintings.” In Scientific Studies of Pigments in Chinese Paintings, edited by Blythe McCarthy and Jennifer Giaccai. Archetype.
Ikram 1995
Ikram, Salima. 1995. “Food for Eternity: What the Ancient Egyptians Ate and Drank, Part 1: Meat, Fish Fowl.” KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt 5 (1): 24–33.
Ikram and Dodson 1998
Ikram, Salima, and Aidan Dodson. 1998. The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity. Thames & Hudson.
Imbrogno, Nayak, and Belfort 2014
Imbrogno, Joseph, Arpad Nayak, and Georges Belfort. 2014. “Egg Varnishes on Ancient Paintings: A Molecular Connection to Amyloid Proteins.” Angewandte Chemie 53 (27). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201400251.
Iversen 1955
Iversen, Erik. 1955. Canon and Proportion in Egyptian Art. Sidgwick and Jackson.
Jaeschke 1997
Jaeschke, Richard L. 1997. “Mechanical Cleaning and the Conservation of Portraits from the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology.” In Portraits and Masks: Burial Customs in Roman Egypt, edited by Morris Bierbrier. The British Museum.
Jenkins 2015
Jenkins, Ian, ed. 2015. Defining Beauty: The Body in Ancient Greek Art. The British Museum.
Jensen and Muhlestein 2020
Jensen, Bethany, and Kerry Muhlestein. 2020. “The Mummy Portraits of Fag el-Gamous.” In Excavations at the Seila Pyramid and Fag el-Gamous Cemetery, edited by Kerry Muhlestein, Bethany Jensen, and Krystal V. L. Pierce. Brill.
Jimenez 2014
Jimenez, Lisette Marie. 2014. “Transfiguring the Dead: The Iconography, Commemorative Use, and Materiality of Mummy Shrouds from Roman Egypt.” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley. ProQuest (Jimenez_berkeley_0028E_14840).
Jiménez et al. 2004
Jiménez, Juan J., José L. Bernal, S. Aumente, María Jesús del Nozal, María Teresa Martín, and José Bernal Jr. 2004. “Quality Assurance of Commercial Beeswax. Part I. Gas Chromatography–Electron Impact Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Hydrocarbons and Monoesters.” Journal of Chromatography A 1024 (1–2): 147–54.
Jones 2019
Jones, Nathaniel B. 2019. Painting, Ethics, and Aesthetics in Rome. Cambridge University Press.
Jones, Craddock, and Barker 1990
Jones, Mark, Paul T. Craddock, and Nicolas Barker. 1990. Fake? The Art of Deception. University of California Press.
Kakoulli 2009
Kakoulli, Ioanna. 2009. Greek Painting Techniques and Materials: From the Fourth to the First Century BC. Archetype.
Kersel 2021
Kersel, Morag M. 2021. “Telling Stories of Objects.” In Hopkins, Costello, and Davis 2021.
Kielland 1955
Kielland, Else Christie. 1955. Geometry in Egyptian Art. Tiranti.
King 2016
King, Helen. 2016. The One-Sex Body on Trial: The Classical and Early Modern Evidence. Routledge.
Kirby et al. 2011
Kirby, Daniel P., Narayan Khandekar, Julie Arslanoglu, and Ken Sutherland. 2011. “Protein Identification in Artworks by Peptide Mass Fingerprinting.” In ICOM Committee for Conservation, 16th Triennial Meeting, Lisbon, Portugal, 19–23 September 2011, edited by Janet Bridgland. Critério Artes Gráficas.
Kirby et al. 2023
Kirby, Daniel P., Marie Svoboda, Joy Mazurek, Lin Rosa Spaabæk, and John Southon. 2023. “Characterization of an Unusual Coating on Funerary Portraits from Roman Egypt circa 100–300 AD.” Heritage Science 11: 1–18.
Kirby, Saunders, and Spring 2006
Kirby, Jo, David Saunders, and Marika Spring. 2006. “Proscribed Pigments in Northern European Renaissance Painting and the Case of Paris Red.” In The Object in Context: Crossing Conservation Boundaries, edited by David Saunders, Joyce H. Townsend, and Sally Woodcock. International Institute of Conservation.
Kirby, Spring, and Higgitt 2005
Kirby, Jo, Marika Spring, and Catherine Higgitt. 2005. “The Technology of Red Lake Pigment Manufacture: Study of the Dyestuff Substrate.” National Gallery Technical Bulletin 26: 71–87.
Knauer 1993
Knauer, Elfriede R. 1993. “Roman Wall Painting from Boscotrecase: Three Studies in the Relationship Between Writing and Painting.” Metropolitan Museum Journal 28: 13–­46.
Knudsen 2017
Knudsen, Sandra. 2017. “Cats. 155–156: Two Mummy Portraits.” In Roman Art at the Art Institute of Chicago, edited by Katharine A. Raff. Art Institute of Chicago. https://publications.artic.edu/roman/reader/romanart/section/1965/1965.
Koeppen 1973
Koeppen, R. C. 1973. “Report Sent to Hubert Von Sonnenburg, Dated January 31, 1973.” Center for Wood Anatomy Research, Forest Service, United States of Agriculture.
Konstan 2014
Konstan, David. 2014. Beauty: The Fortunes of an Ancient Greek Idea. Oxford University Press.
Kostomitsopoulou Marketou et al. 2020
Kostomitsopoulou Marketou, Ariadne, Fabrizio Andriulo, Calin Steindal, and Søren Handberg. 2020. “Egyptian Blue Pellets from the First Century BCE Workshop of Kos (Greece): Microanalytical Investigation by Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy-X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Micro-Raman Spectroscopy.” Minerals 10 (12): 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10121063.
Krohn 1912
Krohn, F., ed. On Architecture. By Vitruvius. B. G. Teubner.
Kühn 1960
Kühn, Hermann. 1960. “Detection and Identification of Waxes, Including Punic Wax by Infrared Spectrography.” Studies in Conservation 5 (2): 71­–81. https://doi.org/10.2307/1504955.
Kühn 1986
Kühn, Hermann. 1986. “Zinc White.” In vol. 1 of Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, edited by Robert Feller. National Gallery of Art.
Laes and Strubbe 2014
Laes, Christian, and Johan Strubbe. 2014. Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years? Cambridge University Press.
Lajtar 2005
Lajtar, Adam. 2005. Deir el-Bahari in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods: A Study of an Egyptian Temple Based on Greek Sources. Institute of Archaeology, Department of Papyrology, Warsaw University.
Lajtar 2012
Lajtar, Adam. 2012. “The Theban Region Under the Roman Empire.” In The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt, edited by Christina Riggs. Oxford University Press.
Larsen, Coluzzi, and Cosentino 2016
Larsen, Randolph, Nicolette Coluzzi, and Antonino Cosentino. 2016. “Free XRF Spectroscopy Database of Pigments Checker.” International Journal of Conservation Science 7 (3): 659–68.
Laver 1997
Laver, Marilyn. 1997. “Titanium White.” In vol. 3 of Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, edited by Elisabeth FitzHugh. National Gallery of Art.
Lazzarini 1982
Lazzarini, Lorenzo. 1982. “The Discovery of Egyptian Blue in a Roman Fresco of the Mediaeval Period (Ninth Century AD).” Studies in Conservation 27 (2): 84–86. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1982.27.2.84.
Lee and Quirke 2000
Lee, Lorna, and Stephen Quirke. 2000. “Painting Materials.” In Nicholson and Shaw 2000.
Lee et al. 2015
Lee, Hae Young, Natalya Atlasevich, Clara Granzotto, Julia Schultz, John Loike, and Julie Arslanoglu. 2015. “Development and Application of an ELISA Method for the Analysis of Protein-Based Binding Media of Artworks.” Analytical Methods 7 (1): 187–96.
Lehmann 2012
Lehmann, Ann-Sophie. 2012. “How Materials Make Meaning.” Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art 62 (1): 6–27. https://doi.org/10.1163/22145966-06201002.
Lehmann 2014
Lehmann, A. S. 2014. “Stil und Material: Ein beschraenktes Verhaeltnis.” kritische berichte – Zeitschrift für Kunst- und Kulturwissenschaften 42 (1): 127–36.
Lenain 2011
Lenain, Thierry. 2011. Art Forgery: The History of a Modern Obsession. Reaktion.
Lilyquist, Hoch, and Peden 2003
Lilyquist, Christine, James E. Hoch, and A. J. Peden. 2003. The Tomb of Three Foreign Wives of Tuthmosis III. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Lluveras et al. 2010
Lluveras, Anna, Anna Torrents, Pilar Giráldez, and Marius Vendrell-Saz. 2010. “Evidence for the Use of Egyptian Blue in an 11th-Century Mural Altarpiece by SEM–EDS, FTIR and SR XRD (Church of Sant Pere, Terrassa, Spain).” Archaeometry 52 (2): 308–19.
Longoni et al. 2022
Longoni, Margherita, Beatrice Genova, Alessia Marzanni, Daniela Melfi, Carlotta Beccaria, and Silvia Bruni. 2022. “FT-NIR Spectroscopy for the Non-Invasive Study of Binders and Multi-Layered Structures in Ancient Paintings: Artworks of the Lombard Renaissance as Case Studies.” Sensors 22 (5): 2052.
Lowe 1897
Lowe, John. 1897. The Yew-Trees of Great Britain and Ireland. Macmillan.
Lucas and Harris 1962
Lucas, Alfred, and J. R. Harris. 1962. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. Histories & Mysteries of Man.
Maclehose 1960
Maclehose, Louisa S., trans. 1960. Vasari on Technique. By Vasari. Dover.
Mallgrave 2006
Mallgrave, Harry, trans. 2006. Johann Joachim Winckelmann: History of the Art of Antiquity. Getty Research Institute.
Manley and Rée 2001
Manley, Deborah, and Peta Rée. 2001. Henry Salt: Artist, Traveller, Diplomat, Egyptologist. Libri.
Manning 2013
Manning, Joseph. 2013. “Thebes (Diospolis Magna), Ptolemaic and Roman Periods.” In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, edited by Roger S. Bagnall, Kai Brodersen, Craige B. Champion, Andrew Erskine, and Sabine R. Huebner. Blackwell.
Maravelia 2019
Maravelia, Alicia. 2019. “The Conception of the Cosmic Egg in the Ancient Egyptian and in the Orphic Cosmovision.” The Oriental Studies (83): 25–52.
Marconi 1967
Marconi, Bohdan. 1967. “Wspomnienia z lat 1939–1945.” Rocznik Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie 11: 269–77.
Matheson 2022
Matheson, Susan. 2022. “Individuality and Old Age in the Painted Funerary Portraits of Roman Egypt.” Harvard Art Museums. Accessed December 29, 2024. https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/770/slide/12398.
Mathews 2016
Mathews, Thomas F. 2016. “Appendix B – Media Analysis.” In Mathews and Müller 2016.
Mathews and Müller 2016
Mathews, Thomas F., and Norman E. Müller. 2016. The Dawn of Christian Art in Panel Paintings and Icons. J. Paul Getty Museum.
Mayberger et al. 2020
Mayberger, Evelyn (Eve), Jessica Arista, Marie Svoboda, and Molly Gleeson. 2020. “Invisible Brushstrokes Revealed: Technical Imaging and Research of Romano-Egyptian Mummy Portraits.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Mazurek 2020
Mazurek, Joy. 2020. “Characterization of Binding Media in Roman-Egyptian Funerary Portraits.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Mazurek et al. 2008
Mazurek, Joy, Michael Schilling, Giacomo Chiari, and Arlen Heginbotham. 2008. “Antibody Assay to Characterize Binding Media in Paint.” In ICOM Committee for Conservation 15th Triennial Meeting, New Delhi, India, 22–26 September 2008, edited by Janet Bridgland. Allied.
Mazurek et al. 2014
Mazurek, Joy, Marie Svoboda, Jeffrey Maish, Kazuki Kawahara, Shunsuke Fukakusa, Takashi Nakazawa, and Yoko Taniguchi. 2014. “Characterization of Binding Media in Egyptian Roman Portraits Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Mass Spectrometry.” e-Preservation Science 11: 76–83.
Mazurek, Svoboda, and Schilling 2019
Mazurek, Joy, Marie Svoboda, and Michael Schilling. 2019. “GC/MS Characterization of Beeswax, Protein, Gum, Resin, and Oil in Romano-Egyptian Paintings.” Heritage 2 (3): 1960–85. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030119.
Measday, Walker, and Pemberton 2017
Measday, Danielle, Charlotte Walker, and Briony Pemberton. 2017. “A Summary of Ultra-Violet Fluorescent Materials Relevant to Conservation.” AICCM National Newsletter, no. 137. Accessed April 26, 2021. https://aiccm.org.au/national-news/summary-ultra-violet-fluorescent-materials-relevant-conservation.
Metropolitan Museum of Art N.D.
Metropolitan Museum of Art. n.d. “Mummy with an Inserted Panel Portrait of a Youth, A.D. 80–100.” Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/547697.
Michałowski 1957
Michałowski, Kazimierz. 1957. “Galeria Sztuki Starożytnej w Muzeum Narodowym w Warszawie.” Rocznik Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie 2: 101–38.
Middleton 2018
Middleton, William. 2018. Double Vision: The Unerring Eye of Art World Avatars Dominique and John de Menil. Knopf.
Miliani et al. 2010
Miliani, Costanza, Alessia Daveri, Lin R. Spaabæk, Aldo Romani, Valentina Manuali, Antonio Sgamellotti, and Brunetto G. Brunetti. 2010. “Bleaching of Red Lake Pigments in Encaustic Mummy Portraits.” Applied Physics A 100 (3): 703–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-010-5748-3.
Millon 1958
Millon, Henry. 1958. “The Architectural Theory of Francesco di Giorgio.” The Art Bulletin 40 (3): 257–61.
Monico et al. 2013
Monico, Letizia, Francesca Rosi, Costanza Miliani, Alessia Daveri, and Brunetto G. Brunetti. 2013. “Non-Invasive Identification of Metal-Oxalate Complexes on Polychrome Artwork Surfaces by Reflection Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy.” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 116: 270–80.
Montserrat 1993
Montserrat, Dominic. 1993. “The Representation of Young Males in ‘Fayum Portraits.’” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79: 215–25.
Montserrat 1998
Montserrat, Dominic. 1998. Changing Bodies, Changing Meanings: Studies on the Human Body in Antiquity. Routledge.
Moreau et al. 2023
Moreau, Raphaël, Lucile Brunel-Duverger, Laurent Pichon, Brice Moignard, Didier Gourier, and Thomas Calligaro. 2023. “Application of a MA-XRF/RIS/PL Scanner to Paintwork Studies.” European Physical Journal Plus 138: 16.
Moreau et al. 2024
Moreau, Raphaël, Thomas Calligaro, Laurent Pichon, Brice Moignard, Sorin Hermon, and Ina Reiche. “A Multimodal Scanner Coupling XRF, UV–Vis–NIR Photoluminescence and Vis–NIR–SWIR Reflectance Imaging Spectroscopy for Cultural Heritage Studies.” X-Ray Spectrometry 53 (2): 271–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.3364.
Morgan 1914
Morgan, M., trans. 1914. The Ten Books on Architecture. By Vitruvius. Harvard University Press.
Morgan 2006
Morgan, Morris Hicky, trans. 2006. Vitruvius Pollio: The Ten Books on Architecture. Adamant Media.
Nahar, Schmets, and Scarpas 2016
Nahar, Sayeda, Alexander Schmets, and Athanasios Scarpas. 2016. “Probing Trace-Elements in Bitumen by Neutron Activation Analysis.” CROW InfraDagen (2016): 1–13. https://repository.tudelft.nl/record/uuid:133aed5b-45ed-4893-8cbf-6d56e3799022.
Naini et al. 2008
Naini, F. B., M. T. Cobourne, F. McDonald, and A. N. A. Donaldson. 2008. “The Influence of Craniofacial to Standing Height Proportion on Perceived Attractiveness.” International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 37 (10): 877–85.
Nerlich et al. 2020
Nerlich, Andreas G., Lukas Fischer, Stephanie Panzer, Roxane Bicker, Thomas Helmberger, and Sylvia Schoske. 2020. “The Infant Mummy’s Face—Paleoradiological Investigation and Comparison between Facial Reconstruction and a Mummy Portrait of a Roman-Period Egyptian Child.” PLoS ONE 15 (9): e0238427. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238427.
Newman and Gates 2020
Newman, Richard, and Glen Alan Gates. “The Matter of Madder in the Ancient World.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Nicholson and Shaw 2000
Nicholson, Paul T., and Ian Shaw. 2000. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge University Press.
Nicola et al. 2024
Nicola, Marco, Claudio Garino, Sophia Mittman, Emanuele Priola, Luca Palin, Marta Ghirardello, Vamshi Damagatla, Austin Nevin, Admir Masic, Daniella Comelli, and Roberto Gobetto. 2024. “Increased NIR Photoluminescence of Egyptian Blue via Matrix Effect Optimization.” Materials Chemistry and Physics 313: 128710.
Nissenbaum and Buckley 2013
Nissenbaum, Arie, and Stephen Buckley. 2013. “Dead Sea Asphalt in Ancient Egyptian Mummies—Why?” Archaeometry 55 (3): 563–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2012.00713.x.
Northcote 1819
Northcote, James. 1819. The Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds. Volume 1. Printed for Henry Colburn, Conduit-Street.
Omaran 2015
Omaran, Wahid. 2015. “The Egg and Its Symbolism in the Graeco-Roman Period.” Journal of Faculty of Tourism and Hotels 9 (1): 173–85.
Opper 2008
Opper, Thorsten. 2008. Hadrian: Empire and Conflict. The British Museum.
Ordonez and Twilley 1998
Ordonez, Eugena, and John Twilley. 1998. “Clarifying the Haze: Efflorescence on Works of Art.” Analytical Chemistry 69 (13): 416A–22A. Reprinted without color illustrations in WAAC Newsletter 20 (1). https://cool.culturalheritage.org/waac/wn/wn20/wn20-1/wn20-108.html.
Ostrowski 1966
Ostrowski, Janusz. 1966. “Portret fajumski ze zbiorów Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie.” Rocznik Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie 10: 13–22.
Pagès-Camagna and Guichard 2010
Pagès-Camagna, Sandrine, and Hélène Guichard. 2010. “Egyptian Colours and Pigments in French Collections: 30 Years of Physiochemical Analyses on 300 Objects.” In Decorated Surfaces on Ancient Egyptian Objects: Technology, Deterioration, and Conservation; Proceedings of a Conference Held in Cambridge, UK, on 7–8 September 2007, edited by Julie Dawson, Christina Rozeik, and Margot M. Wright. Archetype.
Park et al. 2019
Park, Hae-Min, Amaris Sturm, Glenn Gates, and Lisa Anderson-Zhu. 2019. “Findings from an Examination of Two Mummy Portraits.” The Journal of the Walters Art Museum 74. https://journal.thewalters.org/volume/74/note/the-walters-portrait-mummies/.
Parkin 1992
Parkin, Tim G. 1992. Demography and Roman Society. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Parlasca 1966
Parlasca, Klaus. 1966. Mumienporträts und verwandte Denkmäler. Steiner.
Parlasca 1969
Parlasca, Klaus. 1969. Vol. 1 of Repertorio d’arte dell’Egitto: Greco-Romano serie B; Ritratti di mummie. Banco di Sicilia Fondazione Mormino.
Parlasca 1969–2003
Parlasca, Klaus. 1969–2003. Repertorio d’arte dell’Egitto: Greco-Romano serie B; Ritratti di mummie. 4 vols. Officine Tipo-Litografiche I.R.E.S.
Parlasca 1977
Parlasca, Klaus. 1977. Vol. 2 of Repertorio d’arte dell’Egitto: Greco-Romano serie B; Ritratti di mummie. L’Erma di Bretschneider.
Parlasca 2004
Parlasca, Klaus. 2004. “Kaiserzeitliche Votivgemälde aus Ägypten.” Chronique d’Egypte 79 (157–158): 320–35.
Parlasca and Frenz 2003
Parlasca, Klaus, and Hans G. Frenz. 2003. Vol. 4 of Repertorio d’arte dell’Egitto: Greco-Romano serie B; Ritratti di mummie. L’Erma di Bretschneider.
Perry-Gal et al. 2015
Perry-Gal, Lee, Adi Erlich, Ayelet Gilboa, and Guy Bar-Oz. 2015. “Earliest Economic Exploitation of Chicken outside East Asia: Evidence from the Hellenistic Southern Levant.” PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (32): 9849–54.
Peruzzi 2016
Peruzzi, Bice. 2016. “Eggs in a Drinking Cup: Unexpected Uses of a Greek Shape in Central Apulian Funerary Contexts.” In The Consumers’ Choice: Uses of Greek Figure-Decorated Pottery, edited by Thomas H. Carpenter, Elizabeth Langridge-Noti, and Mark Stansbury-O’Donnell. Archaeological Institute of America.
Petrie 1889
Petrie, William Matthew Flinders. 1889. Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe, with Thirty Plates. Field & Tuer.
Petrie 1890
Petrie, William Matthew Flinders. 1890. Kahun, Gurob, and Hawara. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co.
Petrie 1911
Petrie, William Matthew Flinders. 1911. Roman Portraits and Memphis (IV). School of Archaeology in Egypt, University College.
Pharr, Davidson, and Pharr 2001
Pharr, Clyde, Theresa Sherrer Davidson, and Mary Brown Pharr, trans. 2001. The Theodosian Code and Novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions. The Lawbook Exchange.
Picton, Quirke, and Roberts 2007
Picton, Janet, Stephen Quirke, and Paul C. Roberts, eds. 2007. Living Images: Egyptian Funerary Portraits in the Petrie Museum. Left Coast Press.
Picton, Quirke, and Roberts 2018
Picton, Janet, Stephen Quirke, and Paul C. Roberts. 2018. Living Images: Egyptian Funerary Portraits in the Petrie Museum. Routledge.
Plater et al. 2003
Plater, M. John, Ben De Silva, Thomas Gelbrich, Michael B. Hursthouse, Catherine L. Higgitt, and David R. Saunders, 2003. “The Characterisation of Lead Fatty Acid Soaps in ‘Protrusions’ in Aged Traditional Oil Paint.” Polyhedron 22 (24): 3171–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5387(03)00461-3.
Pliny the Elder 77–79 CE
Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus). 77–79 CE. Naturalis Historia. https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia.
Pouyet et al. 2020
Pouyet, Emeline, Nicholas Barbi, Henry Chopp, Owen Healy, Aggelos Katsaggelos, Sophia Moak, Rick Mott, Marc Vermeulen, and Marc Walton. 2020. “Development of a Highly Mobile and Versatile Large MA-XRF Scanner for In Situ Analyses of Painted Works of Art.” X-ray Spectrometry 50 (4): 263–71.
Pozza et al. 2000
Pozza, Giorgio, David Ajò, Giacomo Chiari, Franco De Zuane, and Marialuisa Favaro. 2000. “Photoluminescence of the Inorganic Pigments Egyptian Blue, Han Blue and Han Purple.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 1 (4): 393–98.
Prag 2002
Prag, A. J. N. W. 2002. “Proportion and Personality in the Fayum Portraits.” British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 3: 55–63.
Purup 2019
Purup, Bjarne B. 2019. “A Social Approach to the Sex and Age Distribution in the Mummy Portraits.” In Family Lives: Aspects of Life and Death in Ancient Families, edited by Kristine Bøggild Johannsen and Jane Hjarl Petersen. Acta Hyperborea 15. Museum Tusculanum Press.
Rackham 1938–1952
Rackham, H., trans. 1938–52. The Natural History (Naturalis Historia). By Pliny the Elder. Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press.
Radpour et al. 2022
Radpour, Roxanne, Glenn A. Gates, Ioanna Kakoulli, and John K. Delaney. 2022. “Identification and Mapping of Ancient Pigments in a Roman Egyptian Funerary Portrait by Application of Reflectance and Luminescence Imaging Spectroscopy.” Heritage Science 10 (8). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00639-5.
Ramer 1979
Ramer, Brian. 1979. “The Technology, Examination and Conservation of the Fayum Portraits in the Petrie Museum.” Studies in Conservation 24 (1): 1–13.
Redding 2015
Redding, Richard W. 2015. “The Pig and the Chicken in the Middle East: Modeling Human Subsistence Behavior in the Archaeological Record Using Historical and Animal Husbandry Data.” Journal of Archaeological Research 23: 325–68.
Reeler 2013
Reeler, Nini Elisabeth Abildgaard, Ole Faurskov Nielsen, Lin Spaabæk, Mogens Jørgensen, and Henrik Grum Kjaergaard. 2013. “Pigments and Binding Material in Fayum Mummy Portraits Determined by NIR-FT-Raman Microscopy.” Asian Chemistry Letters 17: 1–12.
Rickerby 1993
Rickerby, Stephen. 1993. “Original Painting Techniques and Materials Used in the Tomb of Nefertari.” In Art and Eternity: The Nefertari Wall Paintings Conservation Project 1986–1992, edited by Miguel Angel Corzo and Mahasti Afshar. Oxford University Press.
Riederer 1997
Riederer, Josef. 1997. “Egyptian Blue.” In vol. 3 of Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, edited by Elisabeth FitzHugh. National Gallery of Art.
Rigaud 2005
Rigaud, J. F., trans. 2005. A Treatise on Painting. By Leonardo da Vinci. Dover.
Riggs 2005
Riggs, Christina. 2005. The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt: Art, Identity and Funerary Religion. Oxford University Press.
Riggs 2006
Riggs, Christina. 2006. “Archaism and Artistic Sources in Roman Egypt: The Coffins of the Soter Family and the Temple of Deir el-Medina.” BIFAO: Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 106: 315–32.
Riggs 2012
Riggs, Christina, ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt. Oxford University Press.
Roberts 2013
Roberts, Paul. 2013. Life and Death in Pompeii and Herculaneum. The British Museum.
Roberts 2020
Roberts, Caroline. 2020. “Green Pigments: Exploring Changes in the Egyptian Color Palette through the Technical Study of Roman-Period Mummy Shrouds.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Robins 1993
Robins, Gay. 1993. Proportion and Style in Ancient Egypt. University of Texas Press.
Rondot 2013
Rondot, Vincent. 2013. Derniers visages des dieux d’Égypte: Iconographies, panthéons et cultes dans le Fayoum héllenisé des II–III siècles de notre ère. Éditions du Louvre.
Rondot 2015
Rondot, Vincent. 2015. “Graeco-Roman Fayum Pantheons as Documented by 2nd-Century Painted Wooden Panels.” In Von der Pharaonenzeit bis zur Spätantike: Kulturelle Vielfalt im Fayum, Akten des 5. Internationalen Fayum-Konferenz, 29. Mai bis 1. Juni 2013, Leipzig, edited by Nadine Quenouille. Harrassowitz.
Rosi et al. 2019
Rosi, Francesca, Laura Cartechini, Diego Sali, and Costanza Miliani. 2019. “Recent Trends in the Application of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy in Heritage Science: From Micro- to Non-Invasive FT-IR.” Physical Sciences Reviews 4: n.p.
Rowland and Howe 1999
Rowland, Ingrid D., and Thomas Noble Howe, eds. 1999. Ten Books on Architecture. By Vitruvius. Cambridge University Press.
Roy 2007
Roy, Ashok. 2007. “Cobalt Blue.” In vol. 4 of Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, edited by Barbara H. Berrie. National Gallery of Art.
Sabino et al. 2019
Sabino, Rachel C., Ken Sutherland, Emeline Pouyet, Federica Pozzi, and Marc Walton. 2019. “Surprise Encounters with Mummy Portraits at the Art Institute of Chicago.” AIC Paintings Specialty Group Postprints 31.
Salas 2020
Salas, Megan Elizabeth. 2020. “Evaluating the Effectiveness of In-Situ Non-Invasive Photophysical Characterization Methods for Distinguishing Indigo from Other Blue Colorants.” Master’s thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.
Salvant et al. 2018
Salvant, Johanna, Jane Williams, Monica Ganio, Francesca Casidio, Céline Daher, Ken Sutherland, Letizia Monico, Frederik Vanmeert, Steven de Meyer, Koen Janssens, Caroline R. Cartwright, and Marc Walton. 2018. “A Roman Egyptian Painting Workshop: Technical Investigation of the Portraits from Tebtunis, Egypt.” Archaeometry 60 (4): 815–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12351.
Sande 2004
Sande, Siri. 2004. “Pagan Pinakes and Christian Icons: Continuity or Parallelism?” Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia 18: 81–100.
Sand et al. 2017
Sand, Luise, Elisabeth Fugmann, Ina Reiche, Agnes Schwarzmaier, Stefan Rohrs, Sabine Schwerdtfeger, Heike Stege, and Andrea Obermeier. 2017. “Tabellarischer Überblick zu den Farbmitteln der Mumienporträts und des Severertondos.” In Inkarnat und Signifikanz: Das menschliche Abbild in der Tafelmalerei von 200 bis 1250 im Mittelmeerraum. Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts für Kunstgeschichte.
Schiavon et al. 2021
Schiavon, Nick, Carlo Emmanuele Bottaini, Sara Valadas, Cristina Barrocas Dias, Ana Manhita, and Antonio Candeias. 2021. “A Multi-Analytical Study of Egyptian Funerary Artifacts from Three Portuguese Museum Collections.” Heritage 4 (4): 2973–95.
Schilling, Carson, and Khanjian 1998
Schilling, Michael R., David M. Carson, and Herant P. Khanjian. 1998. “Evaporation of Fatty Acids and the Formation of Ghost Images by Framed Oil Paintings.” WAAC Newsletter 21 (1). https://cool.culturalheritage.org/waac/wn/wn21/wn21-1/wn21-106.html.
Schmidt 1899
Schmidt, Valdemar. 1899. Det gamle glyptotek på Ny Carlsberg. Den ægyptiske samling. N.p.
Schmidt 1908
Schmidt, Valdemar. 1908. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek: Den ægyptiske samling. Nielsen og Lydiche.
Schneede 2021
Schneede, Uwe M. 2021. Paula Modersohn-Becker: Die Malerin, die in die Moderne aufbrach. C. H. Beck.
Schoske and Wildung 1983
Schoske, Sylvia, and Dietrich Wildung. 1983. Falsche Pharaonen: Zeitung zur Sonderausstellung, 400 Jahre Fälschungsgeschichte. Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst.
Schreiber, Vasáros, and Almásy 2013
Schreiber, Gábor, Zsolt Vasáros, and Adrienn Almásy. 2013. “Ptolemaic and Roman Burials from Theban Tomb -400-.” Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 69: 187–225.
Scott 2010
Scott, David A. 2010. “Greener Shades of Pale: A Review of Advances in the Characterisation of Ancient Egyptian Green Pigments.” In Decorated Surfaces on Ancient Egyptian Objects: Technology, Deterioration, and Conservation; Proceedings of a Conference Held in Cambridge, UK, on 7–8 September 2007, edited by Julie Dawson, Christina Rozeik, and Margot M. Wright. Archetype.
Scott 2016
Scott, David A. 2016. “A Review of Ancient Egyptian Pigments and Cosmetics.” Studies in Conservation 61 (4): 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047058414Y.0000000162.
Serpico 2000
Serpico, Margaret. 2000. “Resins, Amber and Bitumen.” In Nicholson and Shaw 2000.
Serpico and White 2001
Serpico, Margaret, and Raymond White. 2001. “The Use and Identification of Varnish on New Kingdom Funerary Equipment.” In Colour and Painting in Ancient Egypt, edited by W. V. Davies. The British Museum.
Shortland, Appleby Hope, and Tite 2006
Shortland, Andrew J., Colin Appleby Hope, and M. S. Tite. 2006. “Cobalt Blue Painted Pottery from 18th Dynasty Egypt.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications 257 (1): 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.257.01.07.
Smart 2010
Smart, Pamela G. 2010. Sacred Modern: Faith, Activism, and Aesthetics in the Menil Collection. University of Texas Press.
Smith 1957
Smith, William Stevenson. 1957. “Department of Egyptian Art.” Annual Report for the Year … (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) 82 (1957): 38–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43473833.
Smith and Ólaffson 2023
Smith, Kevin P., and Guðmundur Ólafsson. 2023. “All That Glitters Is Not Gold: Multi-Instrumental Identification of Viking Age Orpiment (As2S3) from Surtshellir Cave, Iceland.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 47: 103724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103724.
Socrates 2001
Socrates, George. 2001. Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies. Tables and Charts. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons.
Solé et al. 2007
Solé, V. Armando, Emmanuel Papillon, Marine Cotte, Philippe Walter, and Jean Susini. 2007. “A Multiplatform Code for the Analysis of Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectra.” Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 62 (1): 63–68.
Sörries 2003
Sörries, Reiner. 2003. Das Malibu-Triptychon: Ein Totengedenkbild aus dem römischen Ägypten und verwandte Werke der spätantiken Tafelmalerei. Christliche Archäologie 4. J. H. Röll.
Sotheby’s New York 2009
Sotheby’s New York. 2009. “Old Master Paintings, European Sculpture & Antiquities.” Auction Catalogue (Sale 8560). June 4. Accessed October 21, 2019. https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/2009/old-master-paintings-european-sculpture-antiquities-n08560.html.
Southon et al. 2004
Southon, John, Guaciara Santos, Kevin Druffel-Rodriguez, Ellen Druffel, Sue Trumbore, Xiamei Xu, Sheila Griffin, Shahla Ali, and Maya Mazon. 2004. “The Keck Carbon Cycle AMS Laboratory, University of California, Irvine: Initial Operation and a Background Surprise.” Radiocarbon 46 (2): 41–49.
Spaabæk 2012
Spaabæk, Lin Rosa. 2012. “Mummy Portrait Supports.” In Conservation of Easel Paintings, edited by Joyce Hill Stoner and Rebecca Rushfield. Routledge.
Spaabæk and Mazurek 2020
Spaabæk, Lin Rosa, and Joy Mazurek. 2020. “Binding Media and Coatings: Mummy Portraits in the National Museum of Denmark and the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Stacey 2011
Stacey, Rebecca J. 2011. “The Composition of Some Roman Medicines: Evidence for Pliny’s Punic Wax?” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 401 (6): 1749–59.
Stamm 2007
Stamm, Rainer, and Paula Modersohn-Becker. 2007. Paula Modersohn-Becker und die ägyptischen Mumienportraits: Eine Hommage zum 100. Todestag der Künstlerin (exhibition catalogue). Hirmer Verlag.
Stein and Corcoran 2020
Stein, Renée, and Lorelei H. Corcoran. 2020. “Scrutinizing ‘Saparon’: Investigating a Mummy Portrait of a Young Man in the Michael C. Carlos Museum, Emory University.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Stevens 2009
Stevens, Anna. 2009. “Domestic Religious Practices.” In UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, edited by Willeke Wendrich and Jacco Dieleman. University of California, Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s07628w.
Strohalm et al. 2010
Strohalm, Martin, Daniel Kavan, Petr Novák, Michael Volný, and Vladimír Havlíček. 2010. “MMass 3: A Cross-Platform Software Environment for Precise Analysis of Mass Spectrometric Data.” Analytical Chemistry 82 (11): 4648–51. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac100818g.
Stulik, Porta, and Palet 1993
Stulik, Dusan C., Eduardo A. Porta, and Antonio Palet. 1993. “Analyses of Pigments, Binding Media, and Varnishes in the Tomb of Nefertari.” In Art and Eternity: The Nefertari Wall Paintings Conservation Project 1986–1992, edited by Miguel Angel Corzo and Mahasti Afshar. Oxford University Press.
Sutherland, Sabino, and Pozzi 2020
Sutherland, Ken, Rachel C. Sabino, and Federica Pozzi. 2020. “Challenges in the Characterization and Categorization of Binding Media in Mummy Portraits.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Svoboda and Cartwright 2020
Svoboda, Marie, and Caroline R. Cartwright, eds. 2020. Mummy Portraits of Roman Egypt: Emerging Research from the APPEAR Project. J. Paul Getty Museum.
Svoboda and Walton 2010
Svoboda, Marie, and Marc Walton. 2010. “Material Investigation of the J. Paul Getty Museum’s Red-Shrouded Mummy.” In Decorated Surfaces on Ancient Egyptian Objects: Technology, Deterioration, and Conservation; Proceedings of a Conference Held in Cambridge, UK, on 7–8 September 2007, edited by Julie Dawson, Christina Rozeik, and Margot M. Wright. Archetype.
Taggart 1959
Taggart, Ross E., ed. 1959. Handbook of the Collections in the William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art and Mary Atkins Museum of Fine Arts. 4th ed. William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art and Mary Atkins Museum of Fine Arts.
Tappert et al. 2011
Tappert, Ralf, Alexander P. Wolfe, Ryan C. McKellar, Michelle C. Tappert, and Karlis Muehlenbachs. 2011. “Characterizing Modern and Fossil Gymnosperm Exudates Using Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.” International Journal of Plant Sciences 172 (1): 120–38. https://doi.org/10.1086/657277.
Thayer 1923
Thayer, Bill, trans. 1923. De Divinatione. By Cicero. Book 1, XXXIV, 74. Loeb Classical Library. https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/cicero/de_divinatione/1*.html.
Thiboutot 2020
Thiboutot, Gabrielle. 2020. “Egyptian Blue in Romano-Egyptian Mummy Portraits.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Thieme et al. 2017
Thieme, Cristina, Anna Rommel-Mayet, and Luise Sand. 2017. “Bilder von Göttern und Menschen der römischen Kaiserzeit – eine kunsttechnische Betrachtung.” In Inkarnat und Signifikanz. Das menschliche Abbild in der Tafelmalerei von 200 bis 1250 im Mittelmeerraum, edited by Yvonne Schmuhl and Esther Pia Wipfler, 121–50. Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte.
Thistlewood 2017
Thistlewood, Jevon. 2017. “Drawing the Face of a Mummy Portrait.” Unpublished Research Seminar Paper. Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology.
Thistlewood et al. 2020
Thistlewood, Jevon, Olivia Dill, Marc S. Walton, and Andrew Shortland. 2020. “A Study of the Relative Locations of Facial Features within Mummy Portraits.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Thomas and Brunel-Duverger 2023
Thomas, Caroline, and Lucile Brunel-Duverger. 2023. “Les tableaux culturels d’Egypte romaine: Étude matérielle des deux panneaux du musée du Louvre (Dioscure MND 193 – E 10815; Hèrôn et Lycurgue RFML.AE.2020.8.1).” Technè 55: 118–27. https://doi.org/10.4000/techne.17881.
Thompson 1972
Thompson, David L. 1972. “The Classes and Hands of Painted Funerary Portraits from Antinoopolis [sic].” PhD diss., University of Michigan.
Thompson 1973
Thompson, David L. 1973. “A Patchwork Fayum in Toledo.” American Journal of Archaeology 77 (4): 438–39.
Thompson 1976A
Thompson, David L. 1976. “A Painted Funerary Portrait from Roman Egypt.” Boston Museum Bulletin 74 (370): 115–19.
Thompson 1976B
Thompson, David L. 1976. The Artists of the Mummy Portraits. J. Paul Getty Museum.
Thompson 1981
Thompson, David L. 1981. “A Lost Patchwork ‘Fayum Portrait.’” American Journal of Archaeology 85 (4): 491–92.
Thompson 1982
Thompson, David L. 1982. Mummy Portraits in the J. Paul Getty Museum. J. Paul Getty Museum.
Thum 2022A
Thum, Jen. 2022. “The People behind the Portraits.” Harvard Art Museums. https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/770/stop/2623.
Thum 2022B
Thum, Jen. 2022. “Speak Their Names.” Harvard Art Museums. https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/770/slide/12399.
Tobin 1975
Tobin, Richard. 1975. “The Canon of Polykleitos.” American Journal of Archaeology 79 (4): 307–21.
Töpfer 2017
Töpfer, Susanne. 2017. “Theory and Practice/Text and Mummies: The Instructions of the ‘Embalming Ritual’ in the Light of Archaeological Evidence.” In Burial and Mortuary Practices in Late Period and Graeco-Roman Egypt: Proceedings of the International Conference Held at the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, 17–19 July 2014, edited by K. A. Kóthay. Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest.
Totelin 2016
Totelin, Laurence M. V. 2016. “Pharmakopōlai: A Re-Evaluation of the Sources.” In Popular Medicine in Graeco-Roman Antiquity: Explorations, edited by William V. Harris. Brill.
Tourna et al. 2008
Tourna, E. et al. 2008. The Egyptian Collection, National Archaeological Museum. Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Fund of Archaeological Proceeds.
Traverso 2019
Traverso, Vittoria. 2019. “The Egyptian Egg Ovens Considered More Wondrous than Pyramids.” Atlas Obscura. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/egypt-egg-ovens.
Tzachou-Alexandri 1995
Tzachou-Alexandri, Olga, ed. 1995. The World of Egypt in the National Archaeological Museum. Kapon.
University of Exeter 2021
University of Exeter. 2021. “Ancient Chickens Lived Significantly Longer than Modern Fowl Because They Were Seen as Sacred, Not Food.” Science Daily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/06/210607161043.htm.
Vagnini et al. 2009
Vagnini, Manuela, Costanza Miliani, Laura Cartechini, P. Rocchi, Bruno Brunetti, and A. Sgamellotti. 2009. “FT-NIR Spectroscopy for Non-Invasive Identification of Natural Polymers and Resins in Easel Paintings.” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 395 (7): 2107­–18.
Vak, Iannaccone, and Uhlir 2020
Vak, Bettina, Roberta Iannaccone, and Katharina Uhlir. 2020. “Nondestructive Studies of Ancient Pigments on Romano-Egyptian Funerary Portraits of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
van Asperen de Boer 1968
van Asperen de Boer, J. R. 1968. “Infrared Reflectography: A Method for the Examination of Paintings.” Applied Optics 7 (9): 1711–14.
van Daal 2019
van Daal, Jan. 2019. “Ancient Incarnations: Depicting Human Flesh in Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt.” Master of Science thesis, University of Amsterdam.
Vandenabeele et al. 2000
Vandenabeele, Peter, Bernhard Wehling, Luc Moens, Howell Edwards, Martine de Reu, and Guido van Hooydonk. 2000. “Analysis with Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Natural Organic Binding Media and Varnishes Used in Art.” Analytica Chimica Acta 407 (1): 261–74.
van den Berg, van den Berg, and Boon 1999
van den Berg, Jorrit D. J., Klaus Jan van den Berg, and Jaap J. Boon. 1999. “Chemical Changes in Curing and Ageing Oil Paints.” In ICOM Committee for Conservation 12th Triennial Meeting Lyon 29 August–3 September 1999. James & James.
Vandenbeusch 2022
Vandenbeusch, Marie. 2022. “A Soter (Re)connection: Five Fragments of Shrouds from Roman Egypt at the British Museum.” Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 76/77.
van Dyke 2010
van Dyke, Kristina. 2010. “Losing One’s Head: John and Dominique de Menil as Collectors.” In Art and Activism: Projects of John and Dominique de Menil, edited by Josef Helfenstein and Laureen Schipsi. Yale University Press.
Vassilieva, Piteria, and Nilova 2021
Vassilieva, Olga A., Julii V. Piteria, and Maya V. Nilova. 2021. “Portrait of an Elderly Lady in Red.” Kermes 121: 33–38.
Vermeule 1964
Vermeule, Cornelius. 1964. “Greek and Roman Portraits in American Collections Open to the Public: A Survey of Important Monumental Likenesses in Marble and Bronze Which Have Not Been Published Extensively.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 108 (2): 99–134.
Verri 2009A
Verri, Giovanni. 2009. “The Application of Visible-Induced Luminescence Imaging to the Examination of Museum Objects.” Proceedings SPIE 7391, O3A: Optics for Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology 2: 739105–12. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.827331.
Verri 2009B
Verri, Giovanni. 2009. “The Spatially Resolved Characterisation of Egyptian Blue, Han Blue and Han Purple by Photo-Induced Luminescence Digital Imaging.” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 394 (4): 1011–21.
Verri 2014
Verri, Giovanni. 2014. “Roman Sculpture and Colour: The ‘Treu Head’” (Ancient Greek and Roman Color/Polychromy). Video, 9 min., 6 sec. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRMPYh2QdSM.
Verri and Brecoulaki 2023
Verri, Giovanni, and Hariclia Brecoulaki. 2023. “‘From the Face and the Expression of the Eyes’: Multidisciplinary Studies of Pigments in Ancient Greek and Roman Painted Surfaces.” Technai: An International Journal for Ancient Science and Technology 14: 51–69.
Verri and Saunders 2014
Verri, Giovanni, and David Saunders. 2014. “Xenon Flash for Reflectance and Luminescence (Multispectral) Imaging in Cultural Heritage Applications.” The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 8: 83–92.
Verri et al. 2010
Verri, Giovanni, David Saunders, Janet Ambers, and Tracey Sweek. 2010. “Digital Mapping of Egyptian Blue: Conservation Implications.” In Conservation and the Eastern Mediterranean: Contributions to the 2010 IIC Congress, Istanbul, edited by Christina Rozeik, Ashok Roy, and David Saunders, 220–24. Archetype.
Verri et al. 2023
Verri, Giovanni, Hero Granger-Taylor, Ian Jenkins, Tracey Sweek, Katarzyna Weglowska, and William Thomas Wootton. 2023. “The Goddess’ New Clothes: The Carving and Polychromy of the Parthenon Sculptures.” Antiquity 97(395): 1173–92. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2023.130.
Verri et al. 2025
Verri, Giovanni, Hariclia Brecoulaki, Ioanna Mennenga, and Despina Ignatiadou. 2025. “Evoking Enargeia (ἐνάργεια): The Investigation and Reconstruction of the Portrait Bust of Psyche from Melos.” In Chroma: Sculpture in Color from Antiquity to Today, edited by Seán Hemingway, Vinzenz Brinkmann, and Mark B. Abbe. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Verri, Opper, and Devièse 2010
Verri, Giovanni, Thorsten Opper, and Thibaut Devièse. 2010. “The ‘Treu Head’: A Case Study in Roman Sculptural Polychromy.” The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 4: 39–52.
Verri, Opper, and Lazzarini 2014
Verri, Giovanni, Thorsten Opper, and Lorenzo Lazzarini. 2014. “In picturae modum variata circumlitio? The Reconstruction of the Polychromy of a Roman Ideal Female Head (Treu Head).” In Diversamente bianco: La policromia della scultura romana, edited by Paolo Liverani and Ulderico Santamaria. Quasar.
Vogelsang-Eastwood 2000
Vogelsang-Eastwood, Gillian. 2000. “Textiles.” In Nicholson and Shaw 2000.
von Sonnenburg 1972
von Sonnenburg, Hubert. 1972. Examination and Treatment Reports. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of Paintings Conservation.
Wakeling 1912
Wakeling, T. G. 1912. Forged Egyptian Antiquities. Adam & Charles Black.
Walker 1997
Walker, Susan. 1997. “Mummy Portraits in Their Roman Context.” In Portraits and Masks: Burial Customs in Roman Egypt, edited by Morris L. Bierbrier. The British Museum.
Walker 2000A
Walker, Susan, ed. 2000. Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt. 2nd ed. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Walker 2000B
Walker, Susan. 2000. “A Note on Dating Mummy Portraits.” In Walker 2000A.
Walker and Bierbrier 1997
Walker, Susan, and Morris Bierbrier, with Paul Roberts and John Taylor. 1997. Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt. A Catalogue of Roman Portraits in the British Museum 4. The British Museum.
Walton and Trentelman 2009
Walton, Marc S., and Karen Trentelman. 2009. “Romano-Egyptian Red Lead Pigment: A Subsidiary Commodity of Spanish Silver Mining and Refinement.” Archaeometry 51 (5): 845–60.
Warda 2011
Warda, Jeffrey. 2011. The AIC Guide to Digital Photography and Conservation Documentation. 2nd ed. American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works.
Webb, Summerour, and Giaccai 2014
Webb, E. K., R. Summerour, and J. Giaccai. 2014. “A Case Study Using Multiband and Hyperspectral Imaging for the Identification and Characterization of Materials on Archaeological Andean Painted Textiles.” Postprints of the Textile Specialty Group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works 24: 23–35.
Wegner 2021
Wegner, Jennifer Houser. 2021 “Ancient Egyptian Creation Myths: From Watery Chaos to Cosmic Egg.” Glencairn Museum News, no. 5. https://www.glencairnmuseum.org/newsletter/2021/7/13/ancient-egyptian-creation-myths-from-watery-chaos-to-cosmic-egg.
Werner 1909
Werner, Georgius. 1909. “De imaginibus Graeco-Aegyptis in colonia cui El-Fayum nomen est, repertis et Cracoviae asservatis observations.” Eos 15: 130–37.
White 1978
White, Raymond. 1978. “The Application of Gas-Chromatography to the Identification of Waxes.” Studies in Conservation 23 (2): 57–68. https://doi.org/10.2307/1505796.
Wiedemann 2014
Wiedemann, Thomas. 2014. Adults and Children in the Roman Empire. Routledge.
Wiener 1921
Wiener, Leo. 1921. Contributions towards a History of Arabo-Gothic Culture. Vol. 4. Innes & Sons.
Wilkinson 2002
Wilkinson, Caroline M. 2002. “The Facial Reconstruction of the Marina el-Alamein Mummy.” Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 14: 66–71.
Williams 2010
Williams, Jane. 2010. “The Conservation Treatment of the Roman Egyptian Paintings in the Hearst Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.” In Decorated Surfaces on Ancient Egyptian Objects: Technology, Deterioration, and Conservation; Proceedings of a Conference Held in Cambridge, UK, on 7–8 September 2007, edited by Julie Dawson, Christina Rozeik, and Margot M. Wright. Archetype.
Williams, Cartwright, and Walton 2020
Williams, Jane L., Caroline R. Cartwright, and Marc S. Walton. 2020. “Defining a Romano-Egyptian Painting Workshop at Tebtunis.” In Svoboda and Cartwright 2020.
Woodcock 1996
Woodcock, Sally. 1996. “Body Colour: The Misuse of Mummy.” The Conservator 20 (1): 87–94.
Woudhuysen-Keller and Woudhuysen-Keller 1994
Woudhuysen-Keller, Renate, and Paul Woudhuysen-Keller. 1994. “The History of Egg White Varnishes.” Hamilton Kerr Institute Bulletin 2: 90–141.
Zaffino et al. 2015
Zaffino, Chiara, Vittoria Guglielmi, Silvio Faraone, Alessandro Vinaccia, and Silvia Bruni. 2015. “Exploiting External Reflection FTIR Spectroscopy for the In-Situ Identification of Pigments and Binders in Illuminated Manuscripts. Brochantite and Posnjakite as a Case Study.” Spectrochimica Acta: Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 136 (B): 1076–85.
Zviagina, Drits, and Dorzhieva 2020
Zviagina, Bella B., Victor A. Drits, and Olga V. Dorzhieva. 2020. “Distinguishing Features and Identification Criteria for K-Dioctahedral 1M Micas (Illite-Aluminoceladonite and Illite-Glauconite-Celadonite Series) from Middle-Infrared Spectroscopy Data.” Minerals 10 (2): 1–29.