Religious Manuscripts Helped Structure Time before Modern Technology

A new online exhibit explores the book of hours and its role in medieval European society

An illuminated page featuring the Virgin Mary sitting on a throne with the baby Jesus on her lap. A young girl kneels in prayer beside her

A Woman in Prayer before the Virgin and Child, about 1410, Follower of the Egerton Master. Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink, 7 1/2 × 5 1/2 in. Getty Museum, Ms. Ludwig IX 5 (83.ML.101), fol. 19

By Emilia Sánchez González

Jan 25, 2022

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To look at Christian prayer books from the Middle Ages in Europe is to transport yourself to a time when religious devotion played a central role in the lives of many people.

Books of hours were manuscripts that, together with the ringing of the church bells, helped keep track of time and organize the hours, days, months, years, and even lifetimes of Christian readers around a schedule of prayers. Many included 12-month calendars, depicted seasonal activities, and reminded the reader of the most significant saints’ days.

They were treasured possessions and among the most sought-after illuminated books of any kind at the time. Because of their importance, the literate upper classes would commission them to reflect their personal artistic, cultural, and religious priorities. The most extensively illustrated books, handmade for the nobility, provide an insight into the main concerns of the elite—private time for prayer and public display of worldly status.

An illuminated page featuring a list of Latin instructions paired with dates in Roman numerals

Workshop of the Bedford Master, April Calendar Page; Picking Flowers; Taurus, about 1440–1450, Workshop of the Bedford Master. Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink, 9 1/4 × 6 7/16 in. Getty Museum, Ms. Ludwig IX 6 (83.ML.102), fol. 4

“Books of hours are fascinating because they touch so many parts of their reader’s experience of the world,” said Larisa Grollemond, assistant curator of manuscripts at the Getty Museum. “And because they were made in such large numbers, the changes in their production and decoration can also tell us a lot about the medieval book market over time.”

The later Middle Ages saw a change in the market for books of hours. An increase in literacy and upward social mobility contributed to a growing desire for these manuscripts among citizens of ordinary means. To satisfy the growing demand, illustrations were copied from existing examples and standardized.

After the invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century, the “mass production” of books of hours reached new heights. Books of hours, printed in hundreds of different editions toward the end of the century, would become one of the first commercially successful ventures in the new medium.

Take a closer look and learn more in the new Google Arts & Culture exhibit “Transcending Time: The Medieval Book of Hours.”

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