DEFINITION
Citations to sources of textual information related to the
work of art or architecture being described, including published
bibliographic materials, Web sites, archival documents, unpublished
manuscripts, and references to verbal opinions expressed by
scholars or subject experts. Also includes subcategories for
a citations authority.
SUBCATEGORIES
GENERAL DISCUSSION
Citations establish the credibility of the information; in
the outline of CDWA, it is possible to link citations to any
and all subcategories, if desired. The subcategories in this
category may form an authority to which all other relevant
citation references are linked. While these subcategories
are optional, it is nonetheless highly recommended to record
the sources used for information in the Object/Work Record,
either as a general reference here or with the specific relevant
CITATIONS subcategory throughout the record.
In addition to providing warrant for information in the record,
the general citations may even include all the major sources
in which the work was discussed or illustrated, whether or
not the sources were used for the Object/Work record.
RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS
In an ideal system, these subcategories would comprise a
set of subcategories for general references to a work, which
are linked to an authority. The authority subcategories are
also described here; they may be linked to various parts of
the Object/Work record through the CITATIONS subcateories.
Whether to link citations to all categories, only to designated
subcategories, or only to the Object/Work record as a whole
is a local decision.
It is also a local decision whether to 1) use all of the
display and indexing subcategories described for the authority
in this section, or 2) to use only the BRIEF CITATION and
FULL CITATION display subcatgories for the authority. Whether
it is required to index various elements of the citation record
or if display fields will suffice depends upon the level of
retrieval required for citations.
27.1. Citations for
Sources
DEFINITION
The sources used for the Object/Work record in general.
EXAMPLES
- Grove Art Online (2003-)
- Bowie, Drawings of Hokusai (1964)
- Hokusai and Hiroshige (1998)
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the sources used for the record.
Alternatively (or in addition), link sources to the CITATIONS
attached to various specific categories, as appropriate.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Authority: Ideally, this information is derived
from the BRIEF CITATION in a citations authority and and displayed
with the PAGE subcategory from the Object/Work record (e.g.,
Bowie, Drawings of Hokusai (1964), 172-176, or Grove
Art Online (2003-), "Katsushika Hokusai,"
accessed 2 May 2006).
27.1.1. Page
DEFINITION
The page, volumes, plate numbers or other indications of
where the work is discussed or illustrated in the textual
reference.
EXAMPLES
23
172-176
87 ff.
398, 435
5:23
plate 12
344 ff. 9-12
item 109
fols. 10v-11r.
title page
folio 1, recto
accessed 12 August 2004
"Katsushika Hokusai," accessed 2 May 2006
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the volume (if applicable)
and page (e.g., 11:342) where the work is discussed
or illustrated in the source.
Form and syntax
Record the page number using Arabic numbers. Do not include
"page" or "p." preceding the page number
(e.g., for page 23, simply record 23). Separate
numbers representing a range of pages with a hyphen/dash;
list all the numerals of both numbers of the range (e.g.,
172-176, NOT 172-6). For two pages not in a
range, separate the numbers with a comma (e.g., 101, 115).
If you list only the first page of a series of pages, follow
the number by "ff." (e.g., 87 ff.)
Volumes
For encyclopedia, such as Thieme-Becker, list the volume number,
colon, followed by page number (e.g., 5:23).
Plates and footnotes
For indications other than page and volume, use appropriate
terminology, including the following: plate, footnote,
fiche, map, insert, title page, index, signature, or
inscription (e.g., plate 56).
Articles
For journal and newspaper articles, record the volume number
and page range in the FULL CITATION subcategory of the citations
authority rather than in the PAGE subcategory.
Encyclopedia articles
If there is an author indicated for an encyclopedia article
(e.g., Grove), you need not list the full author and article
name if it is a source for only a name. However, if you have
paraphrased significant information, give the author credit
by citing the article name and author in the page field.
Brief Citation: Grove Dictionary of Art
online (1999-2002)
Full Citation: Grove Dictionary of Art
(online edition). Jane Turner, ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing
Ltd., 1999-2002. http://www.groveart.com (3 December 1999).
Page: Lowenthal, Anne W., "Claesz, Pieter,"
accessed 3 March 2005
Web sites
For Web sites, record the date when you consulted the Web
site in the page field (e.g., accessed 12 August 2004).
Exception: for newspapers on the Web, cite the date in the
Full Citation field in order to be consistent with citations
for hard-copy newspapers.
Folios
For unpublished manuscripts or other documents that have folio
numbers instead of pages, record the word folio, folio number,
comma, and the word recto or verso (e.g., folio
1, recto).
Entry form reference
For encyclopedia and dictionaries, if it will not be apparent
to the user how to find the entry in the source, include a
reference to the main entry in the PAGE subcategory.
Brief Citation: Oxford Companion to Art
(1996)
Full Citation: Oxford Companion to Art.
Harold Osborne, ed. Melbourne; Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1996.
Page: "Villes Neuves," 1192
FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Use consistent syntax and format.
27.1.2. Work Cited or Illustrated
DEFINITION
An indication when the textual reference contains direct
references to the work or illustrations of the work.
EXAMPLES
cited
illustrated
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Identify if the work of art or architecture
is cited and/or illustrated in the source.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Control this subcategory with
a controlled list using the terms in the Examples above, and
others as required.
27.1.3. Cited Object/Work Number
DEFINITION
The number assigned to a work within an authoritative textual
reference; restricted to numbers that function as a code to
identify work in common scholarly usage.
EXAMPLE
Bartsch 133
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the number, alpha-numeric
code, or phrase that is used in an authoritative source to
refer to a particular work or edition of a work. These numbers
are often used for prints and other works produced in multiples.
Do not use this subcategory for an ordinary reference to a
plate or illustration in a text; record such ordinary references
in the PAGE subcategory.
FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Use consistent syntax and format.
27.1.3.1. Number Type
DEFINITION
The type of number assigned to a work within an authoritative
textual reference.
EXAMPLES
plate number
index number
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record object numbers in this category
that are drawn exclusively from the textual reference itself.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Control terminology with a
list of controlled terminology, using terms in the Examples
above and others as necessary.
SUBCATEGORIES FOR THE CITATIONS AUTHORITY BEGIN HERE
27.2. Source Brief Citation 
DEFINITION
A brief reference to the source, for use in abbreviated displays.
EXAMPLES
- Millon, Baroque and Rococo Architecture (1961)
- Grove Art Online (2003-)
- Grove Dictionary of Art (1996)
- J. Paul Getty Museum: Antiquities (1997)
- J. Paul Getty Museum, collections online (2000-)
- Thieme-Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der Kunstler (1980-1986)
- Bénézit, Dictionnaire des Peintres (1976)
- Encyclopaedia Britannica (1988)
- Gardner's Art Through the Ages (1986)
- Beazley, Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters (1984)
- Cotter, Norman Bluhm, New York Times (1999)
- Beatson, et al., St. Victor Altarpiece, Art Bulletin (1986)
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a BRIEF CITATION that is short,
succinct, and readable at a glance. It should identify the
source as unique from all other sources. Note that it must
distinguish a particular work or edition of a work from similar
works and other editions of the same work.
Brief Citation: Bénézit, Dictionnaire
des Peintres (1976)
Full Citation: Bénézit, Emmanuel,
ed. Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des Peintres,
Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs. Originally published
1911-1923. Paris: Librairie Gründ, 1976.
Form and syntax
In general, construct a BRIEF CITATION by condensing the FULL
CITATION, using the following elements: Author's last name
(if applicable), comma, brief title, comma, year of publication
in parentheses. Use title case (not sentence case). Avoid
abbreviations.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: This subcategory is free
text. If necessary, index it with AUTHOR, TITLE, and the other
appropriate controlled subcategories.
27.2.1. Source Type
DEFINITION
The type of textual document.
EXAMPLES
monograph
dictionary
encyclopedia
gazetteer
criticism
atlas
guide book
biography
history
Festschrift
exhibition catalog
journal article
newspaper article
dissertation
birth certificate
obituary
brochure
exhibition checklist
exhibition review
contract
condition report
letter
diary
inventory
verbal opinion
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Classify the document by type.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Control this subcategory with
an extensible controlled list, using terms in the examples
above and others as required. Controlled vocabulary may be
derived from the AAT (especially Information Forms hierarchy),
ACRL/RBMS Genre Terms, ISO 5127-3: Iconic Documents, ISO 5127-1:
Documentation and Information, LC Descriptive Terms for Graphic
Materials, or Revised Nomenclature.
27.2.2. Source Full Citation
DEFINITION
A full reference containing bibliographic information that
uniquely and unambiguously identifies the textual reference.
EXAMPLES
Millon, Henry A. Baroque and Rococo Architecture.
New York: G. Braziller, 1961.
Adkins, Lesley and Roy A. Adkins. Thesaurus of British
Archaeology. Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles,
1982.
Wittkower, Rudol . Gian Lorenzo Bernini: Sculptor of
the Roman Baroque. 2nd ed. London: Phaidon Press, 1966.
Kaplan, Wendy. The Art That Is Life: Arts & Arafts
Movement in America, 1875-1920. Boston: Museum of Fine
Arts/ Little, Brown and Company; A New York Graphic Society
Book, 1987.
Manetti, Antonio."The Fat Woodcarver," in An Italian
Renaissance Sextet: Six Tales in Historical Context,
by Lauro Martines, translations by Murtha Baca. New York:
Marsilio, 1994.
Lisa Moore, "Marlene Creates: Land Works, 1979-1991,"
Arts Atlantic 47/12:3, Fall 1993.
Huguenot Statistics; Loire Valley, 1550-1560 [data
file]. Salt Lake City: Family History Library, 1991.
Archivio di Stato di Roma, Arciconfraternita della
SS.ma Annunziata, Busta 825.
Purcell, William Gray. "Bernard Maybeck, Poet of Building:
His Battle with the Book." Typescript MS, 2nd draft, 10
July 1949. Documents Collection, College of Environmental
Design, University of California, Berkeley.
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a complete citation for the
work. While it is optional to record RELATED TEXTUAL REFERENCES,
if you do record them, it is required to record the full citation
for the source.
Form and syntax
Follow the rules stated below and for the citation style for
the humanities and social sciences in the Chicago Manual
of Style. If local practice dictates, apply alternative
rules as found in the MLA Handbook and Anglo-American
Cataloguing Rules; no matter which rules are used, be
consistent.
Find the information to construct a citation on the title
page of the work or by copy-cataloging from a library catalog.
In general, construct a FULL CITATION using the following
elements: 1) author name in inverted order where applicable,
period; 2) title, period; 3) site of publication, colon; 4)
publisher, comma, 5) date of publication, period. Use title
case (not sentence case).
Record the citations in English. Exception: Record
proper names and the title in the language of the title page.
Use diacritics as necessary.Avoid abbreviations.
Author's name in citation
Record the author as the first element in the Full and BRIEF
CITATIONS. The author may be a person or a corporate body.
For a person, record the name in inverted order (last name
first) in the FULL CITATION. For a corporate body, record
the name in natural order.
Include punctuation (e.g., hyphens) and diacritics as appropriate.
For initials, include periods after the initial and a space
between two initials.
Multiple authors
If there are multiple authors, in the FULL CITATION, record
the first author's name in inverted order and the subsequent
names in natural order (e.g., Adkins, Lesley and Roy A.
Adkins. Thesaurus of British Archaeology. Newton Abbot, England:
David & Charles, 1982.).
Use the word "and" and commas to separate the names
of authors (e.g., Trubner, Henry, William J. Rathbun, and
Catherine A. Kaput. Asiatic Art in the Seattle Art Museum.
Seattle: Seattle Art Museum, 1973.). List the authors
in the order in which they appear on the title page. In the
BRIEF CITATION, if there are more than two authors, record
the last name of the first author and "et al".
If a second author revised or added to the original work,
note this after the title (e.g., Smith, W. Stevenson. Art
and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. 2nd ed., revised with additions
by William Kelly Simpson. Pelican History of Art. New Haven
and New York: Yale University Press, 1981.)
If there are more than three authors, list the first name
followed by "et al" rather than listing them all
(e.g., Fedje, Daryl W., et al. "Vermilion Lakes Site:
Adaptations and Environments in the Canadian Rockies During
the Latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene." American
Antiquity 60/1:81-108 (1995).). However, index all of
the authors in the AUTHOR subcategory.
Editor
If there is no author and the editor has played a major role
- as indicated by the placement of his or her name on the
title page - as the first element in the FULL CITATION record
the editor's name in inverted order, comma, and the abbreviation
"ed." (e.g., Gordon, Yvonne, ed. Architectural
Design and CAD. New York: Nichols Publishing Co., 1986.)
For multiple editors, use the abbreviation "eds."
(e.g., Theories and manifestoes of contemporary architecture.
Charles Jencks and Karl Kropf, eds. Chichester, England: Academy
Editions; Lanham, MD: Distributed to the trade in the United
States by National Book Network, 1997.). Include the editor's
last name in the BRIEF CITATION in the same way that the author's
name would be listed.
If the editor has played a major role in writing the work,
include the name in inverted in the position of author, using
syntax as illustrated (e.g., Biscione, Antonio Maria, ed.
Il Riposo, di Raffaello Borghini. Firenze: M. Nestenus e F.
Moücke, 1730.).
If there is both an editor and an edition statement, spell
out edited by to avoid confusion (because edition will
also be abbreviated "ed.") (e.g., Smithells,
Colin J. Smithells Metals Reference Book. 7th ed. Edited by
Eric A. Brandes and G. B. Brook. Boston, Massachusetts: Butterworth
Heinemann, 1992.).
If the title page includes both the author and an editor,
include them both in the FULL CITATION. Record "Edited
by" with the editor name in natural order after the title
and the edition number (if any) (e.g., Fletcher, Banister,
Sir. History of Architecture. 19th ed. Edited by John Mangrove.
London: Butterworths, 1987.).
No author or editor
If there is no author or editor, record the title as the first
element in the FULL CITATION and BRIEF CITATION (e.g., Columbus
Indiana: A Look at Architecture. Columbus, Indiana: Columbus
Area Chamber of Commerce, 1980.).
Title in citation
For books, record the title in title case (not sentence case).
For journal and newspaper articles, see Periodicals below.
In the FULL CITATION, record the full title as it appears
on the title page, but generally omit the initial articles
(e.g., The) unless it is necessary to retain meaning (e.g.,
the "A" in Columbus Indiana: A Look at Architecture).
Include subtitles if they are necessary to identify the work
or aid the user in identifying the content of the work. In
the BRIEF CITATION, create a truncated title containing the
most important words of the title.
Brief Citation: Gere and Pouncey, Italian
Drawings: Artists Working in Parma (1967)
Full Citation: Gere, J. A. and P. Pouncey.
Italian Drawings in the Department of Prints and Drawings
in the British Museum: Artists Working in Parma in the Sixteenth
Century. London: British Museum Publications, 1967.
For titles in languages other than English, follow the conventions
for capitalization of the given language (e.g., Bauchal,
Charles. Nouveau dictionnaire biographique et critique des
architectes français. Paris: André, Daly fils
et cie, 1887.).
No title
If there is no apparent title, construct one. This happens
most often with commercial sales catalogs, Web sites, and
in-house unpublished authority lists.
Take keywords for a title from the cover or inside page of
the catalog or authority list or from the top of the web home
page. If there is little or no information on the item itself
(as happens sometimes with unpublished authority lists), devise
a title from information that you know about the item, such
as the institution it came from and the year of preparation.
Brief Citation: Getty Museum, Authority file
(2003-)
Full Citation: J. Paul Getty Museum. Authority
file [unpublished database, TMS]. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty
Museum, 2003-.
Publisher and date in citation
As the last elements in the FULL CITATION, record the city
of publication, publisher, and date of publication.
If the city will not be extremely well known to an international
audience, include the name of the state or nation. Do not
abbreviate any place name, unless it is extremely well known
internationally (e.g., Anaheim, California NOT Anaheim, CA).
Generally, do not include the publisher in the BRIEF CITATION.
Brief Citation: Lobley, Mount Vesuvius
(1889)
Full Citation: Lobley, J. Logan. Mount
Vesuvius: A Descriptive, Historical, and Geological Account
of the Volcano and Its Surroundings. London: Roper and
Drowley, 1889.
Record the publisher in the language of the title page.
Record the city of publication in English (if there is an
English version of the place name) (e.g., Friuli-Venezia
Guilia. 5th ed. Guida d'Italia del Touring Club Italiano.
Milan: Touring Club Italiano, 1982.).
Multiple publishers
If there are multiple publishers, list them in the FULL CITATION,
separated by semi-colons. If a work is published in association
with another institution, state use the phrase in association
with or for, depending upon how it is phrased on the title
page (e.g., Abel-Vidor, Suzanne, Ronald L. Bishop, et al.
Between Continents/Between Seas: Precolumbian Art of Costa
Rica. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. in association with
The Detroit Institute of Arts, 1981.).
Multiple places of publication
If there are multiple places of publication, include them
in the FULL CITATION (e.g., Slive, Seymour. Jacob van Ruisdael:
Complete Catalogue of His Paintings, Drawings and Etchings.
New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001.).
Date of publication
Record the date as the last element of the BRIEF and FULL
CITATIONs. In the BRIEF CITATION, enclose the date in parentheses.
Brief Citation: Paula Mordersohn Becker
Exhibition (1999)
Full Citation: Paula Mordersohn Becker: An Exhibition.
New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Art Gallery. London:
Victoria and Albert Museum, 1999.
If a work was published over a range of years, include the
years, separated by a hyphen/dash (e.g., Catholic University
of America. New Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Publishers
Guild in association with McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1967-1979.).
Do not omit numbers in the second year of the range (e.g.,
1953-1988, not 1953-88). If a work is an ongoing
publication, use the first year of publication followed by
a hyphen/dash (e.g., Anatolian Studies. London: British
Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, 1951-.).
Uncertain date
If the date is not found on the title page but you have a
good idea of when the work was probably published or produced,
use ca. as appropriate (e.g., Baldi, Filippo. Notebook
of designs in architecture and decorative arts. Unprocessed
collection, ca. 1697-1732.). If only the decade is certain,
use a date such as 1930s.
If an accurate or approximate date cannot be determined,
use n.d., for "no date" (e.g., Von Ribbontropf,
Dietrich. Last Generation of Futurist Artists. Berlin and
Amsterdam: Pflicht Verlag, n.d.)
Edition in citations
If an edition statement is on the title page, include it in
the FULL CITATION. Place it directly after the title. Use
Arabic numerals for numbered editions and the abbreviation
ed. for edition (e.g., Wöfflin, Heinrich. Principles
of Art History. 7th ed. New York: Dover Publications, Inc,
1950.).
Generally, omit edition statements from the BRIEF CITATIONs,
unless it is necessary to distinguish between editions produced
in the same year.
If the citation has both an edition statement and an editor,
do not abbreviate editor as "ed." (e.g.,
Gardner's Art Through the Ages, 8th ed. Edited by Horst
de la Croix and Richard G. Tansey. San Diego: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1986.).
For a named edition, spell out edition if it is necessary
to avoid confusion. Generally do not abbreviate revised, enlarged;
translated, or other such words in the edition statement;
spell them out (e.g., Pevsner, Nikolaus, et al. Dictionary
of Architecture. Revised and enlarged ed. Woodstock, NY: Overlook
Press, 1976.).
Reprints
If a work is a reprint, include this information in the FULL
CITATION. Include the date of the reprint in the BRIEF CITATION
(not the date of the original publication (e.g., Thieme,
Ulrich and Felix Becker. Allgemeines -Lexikon der bildenden
Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Reprint of
1907 edition. 37 vols. Leipzig: Veb E. A. Seemann Verlag,
1980-1986.).
Generally, omit the reference to the reprint in the BRIEF
CITATION, unless it is necessary to distinguish between versions
produced in the same year.
Volumes
For encyclopedia and other sets, in the FULL CITATION, include
the number of volumes in the set, if known. Record the number
plus vols. after the title (e.g., American School
of Classical Studies at Athens. Athenian Agora. 24 vols. Princeton,
New Jersey: American School of Classical Studies at Athens,
1953-1988.).
Generally, record references to a single volume in the PAGE
subcategory.
Essays
If there is a separate title or author for a chapter or essay
in a collected work, generally record a separate citation
for the essay or chapter (e.g., Zelinsky-Cartledge, Mary
Ann and Daniel M. Cartledge. "AIlto and Arba: Two Doko
Weavers," in Ethiopia: Traditions of Creativity, Raymond
Silverman, ed. East Lansing: Michigan State University Museum
in association with the University of Washington Press, Seattle,
1999, 240-256).
For an encyclopedia, it is generally not necessary to refer
to the author or title of an entry or essay. However, if it
will not be immediately apparent to the user how to find the
cited information in the source, include a reference to the
title of the entry in the PAGE subcategory (not in the FULL
CITATION).
Brief Citation: Encyclopedia Britannica
Online (2002-)
Full Citation: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Britannica
Online. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2002-. http://www.eb.com/
(1 July 2002).
Page subcategory: "Medici, Cosimo de',"
accessed 13 February 2002
Series
If a work was part of a series, include the name of the series
in the FULL CITATION. Make a brief reference to the series
in the BRIEF CITATION.
Brief Citation: Longstreth, Washington
Mall, Studies in History of Art (1991)
Full Citation: Richard Longstreth, ed. Mall
in Washington, 1791-1991. Studies in the History of
Art, no. 30; Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts:
Symposium Papers XIV. Washington, DC: National Gallery of
Art, 1991; distributed by University Press of New England.
CDs or DVDs
For books and databases on CDs and DVDs, record BRIEF and
FULL CITATIONs using the same rules as for books. Use information
on the jacket of the disk, accompanying brochures, or a digital
title page.
Exhibition catalogs
If it is not clear from the title that the book is an exhibition
catalog, include the words "exhibition catalog"
in square brackets in the full citation (e.g., Albright-Knox
Art Gallery. Eight Sculptors: An Exhibition. Buffalo, New
York: Albright-Knox Art Gallery, 1979, but Schimmel,
Paul, et al. Public Offerings [exhibition catalog]. New York:
Thames & Hudson. Los Angeles: Museum of Contemporary Art,
2001.).
If it is not clear from the title or place of publication
where the exhibitions took place, include the places of the
exhibition after the title in the full citation (e.g., Poulet,
Anne, et al. Jean-Antoine Houdon: Sculptor of the Enlightenment
[exhibition catalog]. National Gallery of Art, Washington;
J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; Musée et domaine
national du château de Versailles, Versailles. Washington,
DC: National Gallery of Art; Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2003.).
Auction catalogs
If it is not clear from the title that the book is an auction
catalog, include the words "auction catalog" in
square brackets in the full citation. Include the date of
the sale in after the title, if it is not part of the title
itself (e.g., Hôtel Drouot, Bronzes de Barye, 14
March 1892 [auction catalog]. Paris: Hôtel Drouot, 1892.)
Periodicals
For articles in journals, periodicals, and newspapers, in
the FULL CITATION include the following: author's name inverted
(if known), article name in quotation marks, journal name,
volume and issue number (if applicable, separated with forward
slash), date of publication in parentheses, colon, and page
number. Follow the syntax in the examples below. Year, month,
and day of publication may be included. Note that the inclusion
of the page number for articles differs from books, where
the page number would be recorded in the PAGE subcategory.
In the BRIEF CITATION, include author, title of the article
(no quotation marks), reference to the journal or newspaper,
year of publication. Use abbreviations for journals only when
they are extremely well known and the title is very long (e.g.,
JASIS).
Brief Citation: Gwin, Tombs of Peru's Cloud
People, National Geographic (2004)
Full Citation: Gwin, Peter. "Tombs of
Peru's Cloud People." National Geographic Magazine
205:6 (2004): 56 ff.
For an online article, include the date when the article
was accessed and the URL, as explained in Online Sources below
(e.g., Kuke, Lynne. "Victorious Rebels Pour into Kinshasa."
Washington Post [online edition]. http://washingtonpost.com
(May 19, 1997)).
For a book review in a journal, include the name of the reviewer,
the name of the article, and the name of the journal (e.g.,
Garstang, Donald. "Il Castello di Rivoli, 1734-1984
and Botteghe e Negozi," in Book Reviews. Apollo 125/287
(1986): 68.).
Citing an entire periodical
In some cases, you may not have the name of the article, but
only the name of the journal. In such cases, make a citation
for the entire journal (e.g., African Arts. Los Angeles:
James S. Coleman African Studies Center, University of California,
1967-).
Supplements
Sometimes a periodical issues an extra edition or supplement
to an issue. In such cases, state the words supplement
or extra edition after the periodical title (e.g.,
Concepcion, Immaculata. "Designing single units for
double occupancy." Architecture and Urbanism, extra edition
no. 5 (May 1987).).
Online Sources
For sources on the Web, make the FULL CITATION as complete
as possible. Follow the rules for book citations, including
the following information where possible: author's inverted
name, full title of the work, city of publication and publisher
(if known), date of the document or last revision (if known).
Also record the URL followed by the date that it was first
accessed, in parentheses.
If the date is not on the home page of the site, check the
source code for the page. (In the example below, the earlier
date would be the date of the site's creation.)
In the FULL CITATION, include the designation [online],
[online database], [online edition], or a similar phrase
if the word online does not appear in the title of the document.
You generally do not need to include [online] in the
BRIEF CITATION, unless it is necessary to distinguish between
two otherwise identical citations.
Brief Citation: Mathisen, Geography of Roman
Gaul (1996)
Full Citation: Mathisen, Ralph W. Geography
of Roman Gaul [online]. Columbia, South Carolina: University
of South Carolina, 1996. http://www.sc.edu/ltantsoc/geogmain.htm
(1 July 1996).
Unpublished sources
For databases, telephone conversations, correspondence, or
other sources that are not published, construct BRIEF and
FULL CITATIONs. Include an explanation of the source, as necessary
(e.g., Unpublished database). Record information about one
specific contact with the source in the PAGE subcategory.
Brief Citation: Newton County Courthouse,
Missouri (1997-)
Full Citation: Newton County Courthouse, Neosho,
Missouri. 1997-.
Page: Per telephone conversation with the
office of the County Clerk on 9 September 1997.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: This subcategory is free text. If
necessary, index it with AUTHOR, TITLE, and the other appropriate
controlled subcategories.
RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS
Depending upon the needs of the cataloging institution, it
may be necessary to record standard bibliographic information
in separate fields to allow adequate retrieval. Possible fields
would include author, title, publisher, and year of publication,
and others described in the subcategories below.[1]
27.2.2.1. Source Title
DEFINITION
The title of the textual reference.
EXAMPLES
- Baroque and Rococo Architecture
- Italian Drawings in the Department of Prints and Drawings
in the British Museum: Artists Working in Parma in the Sixteenth
Century
- Gardner's Art Through the Ages
- Complete History of Japanese Photography
- Stonework of the Maya
- L'oeuvre gravé des van de Passe
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the title in title case (not
sentence case). Transcribe it from the title page or copy-catalog
it from a library catalog. For titles in languages other than
English, follow the rules for titles according to that language.
Alternatively, copy the title verbatim from the title page
as you would any inscription, using punctuation and capitalization
as found.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: The title is a free-text field;
use of consistent syntax, punctuation, and capitalization
is recommended.
27.2.2.2. Source Broader
Title
DEFINITION
Title of the collection, series, or journal in which the
textual reference named in the Title appears.
EXAMPLES
- Albert Haueisen, Festschrift zum achtzigsten Geburtstagt
- Art Bulletin
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the title for the larger work
of which the cited article or essay is a part. Record the
title of the journal, series, or collection in title case
(not sentence case). Transcribe it from the title page or
copy-catalog it from a library catalog. For titles in languages
other than English, follow the rules for titles according
to that language.
Alternatively, copy the title verbatim from the title page
as you would any inscription, using punctuation and capitalization
as found.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: The title is a free-text field;
use of consistent syntax, punctuation, and capitalization
is recommended.
27.2.2.3. Source Author
DEFINITION
The author of the textual reference.
EXAMPLES
- Millon, Henry A.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the name of the individual,
group, or corporate body that wrote or collectively composed
the related textual work.
To record multiple authors, repeat this subcategory.
Form and syntax
Generally, record personal names in inverted order and corporate
names in natural order. However, there are many exceptions.
See the PERSON/CORPORATE BODY AUTHORITY for guidelines in
constructing personal names.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Authority: Ideally, this should be a link to
the PERSON/CORPORATE BODY AUTHORITY, where a full record containing
the author's variant names and biographical information will
be stored and available for retrieval. Sources of names may
include LC Name Authorities and Canadiana Authorities.
27.2.2.4. Source Editor/Compiler
DEFINITION
The editor, compiler, or translator of the textual reference.
EXAMPLES
- Osborne, Harold
- Frisa, Maria Luisa
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the name of the individual
who edited the related textual work. Occasionally, the editor
may be a group or corporate body who worked collectively.
To list mulitple editors, repeat this subcategory.
Form and syntax
Generally, record personal names in inverted order and corporate
names in natural order. However, there are many exceptions.
See the PERSON/CORPORATE BODY AUTHORITY for guidelines in
constructing personal names.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Authority: Ideally, this should be a link to
the PERSON/CORPORATE BODY AUTHORITY, where a full record containing
the editor's variant names and biographical information will
be stored and available for retrieval. Sources of names may
include LC Name Authorities and Canadiana Authorities.
27.2.2.5. Source Publication
Place
DEFINITION
The place where the textual reference was published.
EXAMPLES
- New York (New York, United States)
- Oxford (Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom)
- Beijing (Beijing Shi, China)
- unknown
Optional: Record the name of the place of where
the textual work was published; this is generally a city.
If the location may be unknown or uncertain, express this
in the FULL CITATION and link to an appropriate value here
(e.g., unknown).
If there are multiple places of publication, repeat this
subcategory.
Form and syntax
Capitalize proper place names. Include the broader contexts
of the place to the level of nation. For guidelines regarding
the syntax and format of place names, see the CURRENT LOCATION
category and the PLACE/LOCATION AUTHORITY.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Authority: Control this subcategory with the
PLACE/LOCATION AUTHORITY. Published sources of geographic
names include: TGN, NGA (NIMA) and USGS, Canadiana Authorities,
LC Name Authorities and LCSH.
27.2.2.6. Source Publisher
DEFINITION
The publisher of the textual reference.
EXAMPLES
- G. Braziller
- Harper & Row
- University of New Mexico
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the name of the corporate
body that published the textual work. Occasionally, the publisher
may be an individual.
To list mulitple publishers, repeat this subcategory.
Form and syntax
Generally, record corporate names in natural order. However,
there are many exceptions. See the PERSON/CORPORATE BODY AUTHORITY
for guidelines in constructing names.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Authority: Ideally, this should be a link to
the PERSON/CORPORATE BODY AUTHORITY, where a full record containing
the publisher's variant names and other information will be
stored and available for retrieval. Sources of names may include
LCSH and Canadiana Authorities.
27.2.2.7. Source Publication
Year
DEFINITION
The year when the textual reference was published.
EXAMPLES
1961
2005
no date
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the year when the textual
work was published. Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian
calendar in the indexing dates fields.
If the year is uncertain, record the earliest year it could
have been published, and express the uncertainty in the FULL
CITATION.
Most institutions will require only a single date field for
date of publication. However, if it is necessary to record
spans of dates, follow the model of display, earliest, and
latest dates as found in RELATED WORKS and many other CDWA
categories.
Form and syntax
Follow the applicable rules for dates in CREATION - CREATION
DATE - EARLIEST DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
27.2.2.8. Source Edition Statement
DEFINITION
An indication of the edition of the textual reference, if
any.
EXAMPLES
4th edition
2nd revised edition
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record an indication of the position
of the issuance of the work in relation to previous and subsequent
editions (e.g., 3nd edition), if known. A new edition
of a book is characterized by substantive revisions to the
intellectual content of the work, including alterations of
the text or illustrations.
Format and syntax
Avoid abbreviations, except for ordinal numerals (e.g., use
3rd rather than third). Use lower case except
when a term includes a proper name. Use ordinal numbers (e.g.,
4th).
For special editions, record terminology in the language
of the catalog record. Include the appropriate diacritical
marks. If there is an edition statement on the title page,
accurately transcribe it in the original language (transliterated
into the Roman alphabet when necessary).
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax
where possible.
27.2.3. Remarks
DEFINITION
Additional notes or comments pertinent to the textual reference.
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a note regarding the textual
reference. Use consistent syntax and format. For rules regarding
writing notes, see DESCRIPTIVE NOTE.
FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Use consistent syntax and format.
27.2.4. Citations Authority
Record ID
DEFINITION
A number used to uniquely identify the Citations Authority
record to the computer system.
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: It is optional but highly recommended
to use persistent unique numeric identifiers for the Citations
Authority record in the computer system. Typically, such numeric
schemes are composed of a consistent, defined range of integers
(e.g., 12 number sequences, such as 100000000123). Alternatively,
numbers may be applied sequentially beginning with number
one.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: This subcategory is automatically
generated and controlled.
EXAMPLES
[examples of authority records]
Brief Citation: Higgins, Minoan and Mycenaean
Art (1967)
Full Citation: Higgins, Reynold. Minoan and
Mycenaean Art. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1967.
Brief Citation: Dictionary of Architecture
and Construction (2000)
Full Citation: Dictionary of Architecture
and Construction. 3rd ed. Edited by Cyril M. Harris. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.
Brief Citation: Oxford Concise Dictionary
of Art and Artists (1996)
Full Citation: Concise Oxford Dictionary of
Art and Artists. Ian Chilvers, ed. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1996.
Brief Citation: Cole, Sienese Painting (1980)
Full Citation: Cole, Bruce. Sienese Painting:
From Its Origins to the Fifteenth Century. New York: Harper
& Row, 1980.
Brief Citation: Janson, History of Art (1971)
Full Citation: Janson, H. W. History of Art.
New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1971.
Brief Citation: Pope-Hennessy, Raphael (1970)
Full Citation: Pope-Hennessy, John. Raphael.
New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1970.
Brief Citation: Adkins and Adkins, Thesaurus
of British Archaeology (1982)
Full Citation: Adkins, Lesley and Roy A. Adkins.
Thesaurus of British Archaeology. Newton Abbot, England:
David & Charles, 1982.
[authority records with indexing fields]
Type: catalog
Brief Citation:
Trubner et al., Asiatic Art (1973)
Full Citation:
Trubner, Henry, William J. Rathbun, and Catherine A. Kaput.
Asiatic Art in the Seattle Art Museum. Seattle: Seattle
Art Museum, 1973.
Title: Asiatic
Art in the Seattle Art Museum
Author: Trubner,
Henry
Author: Rathbun,
William J.
Author: Kaput,
Catherine A.
Publication Place:
Seattle (Washington, United States)
Publisher: Seattle
Art Museum
Publication Year:
1973
Type: reference
Brief Citation: Smith, Egypt (1981)
Full Citation: Smith, W. Stevenson. Art and
Architecture of Ancient Egypt. 2nd ed., revised with additions
by William Kelly Simpson. Pelican History of Art. New Haven
and New York: Yale University Press, 1981.
Title: Art
and Architecture of Ancient Egypt
Author: Smith,
W. Stevenson
Publication Place:
New Haven (Connecticut, United States)
Publication Place:
New York (New York, United States)
Publisher: Yale
University Press
Publication Year:
1981
Edition Statement: 2nd
edition
[Citations linked to the Object/Work record, Citations
is a Brief Citation display, linking to citations authority]
Citations: Muller, Dutch Art (1997)
Page:
320
Citations: Grove Dictionary of Art (1996)
Page:
5:328
Citations: Grove Dictionary of Art online
(1999-2002)
Page:
"Laurens, Jean-Paul," accessed 5 August
2002
Citations: New Catholic Encyclopedia
(1967-1979)
Page: Vailhé,
S.,"Caesarea Palaestinae," 3:89 ff.
Work Cited or Illustrated:
cited
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