DEFINITION
Works of art or architecture related to the work being described,
and a description of the relationship between the works.
SUBCATEGORIES
GENERAL DISCUSSION
There are two general types of relationships between works:
direct (intrinsic) and indirect (extrinsic) relationships.
Direct relationships include hierarchical relationships.
Direct relationships
It is important to record works that have a direct relationship
to the work or art or architecture being cataloged, particularly
when the relationship may not be otherwise apparent from other
categories. For example, works that are by the same artist
or have the same subject need not be listed as related works
unless there is a more direct relationship; however, when
one of these works is preparatory for another, this special
relationship should be recorded. Ideally, separate records
will be made for each related work, and the records will be
linked. If the cataloging institution does not hold both objects,
it may instead choose to make a reference to the related work,
but not a link to a separate record. Direct (or intrinsic)
relationships that should be recorded include the following:
Whole/part relationships
It is critical to record whole/part relationships between
a group and its subgroups or items. Collections, sets, and
series and their parts should also be recorded with whole/part
relationships. Also, any work that has components may be
recorded with whole/part relationships, including architectural
complexes, manuscripts, and triptychs.
When should separate records be made for the whole and
the parts? Create an Object/Work record for each part as
well as a separate Object/Work record for the whole when
the information for the whole varies significantly from
information for the part. If the artist, dates, style, or
location differ between the whole and the parts, it is best
to make separate records for the whole and parts. Use OBJECT/WORK
- CATALOG LEVEL to designate the type of record being created
(e.g., item, component, group, set).
When cataloging large groups or collections, it may not
be possible to make separate records for the parts. In this
case, create a full record for the group or collection,
and note the number and types of relationships between a
group or collection and its parts in OBJECT/WORK \x96 COMPONENTS.
This method may also be used for multi-part objects such
as altarpieces, drawings, or prints that are part of a volume
[Figure
34].
Preparatory works
Record all temporal relationships reflected in works that
are preparatory for other works, including studies, models,
or other works that are steps in the creative process. Examples
include Perugino's compositional study for the Adoration
of the Magi (London, British Museum), [1]
a model for a clock [Figure
18] and the finished clock, or a mold and the bronze
sculpture cast from it.
Paired works
Record all works that have or were meant to have direct
spacial relationships, such as when two or more works were
created to hang together as pendants or a pair, for example,
the Gilbert Stuart portraits of George and Martha Washington.
Reproductive relationships
Record reproductive relationships such as copies after other
works, for example, Rubens' copy of Titian's Bacchanal
(Prado, Madrid) or George Baxter's nineteenth-century print
of Raphael's Descent from the Cross.[2]
For photographs, if they are themselves considered works
of art, they should also be recorded as Object/Works (rather
than Related Visual Documentation), and linked as related
works. Buildings depicted in a work may be recorded as a
related work; alternatively, for institutions that do not
maintain Object/Work records for built works, the buildings
may be recorded in the Subject Authority.
Indirect relationships
Generally, do not link works that clearly have only indirect
(or extrinsic) relationships. Typically, it will be
sufficient to discuss these relationships in the DESCRIPTIVE
NOTE category. These indirect relationships include when one
work supplies stylistic inspiration for another, for example,
the works of Rembrandt and Delacroix inspired Van Gogh, and
the dome of the U. S. Capitol Building was inspired by the
dome of Saint Peter\x92s in Rome.
If one work is depicted in a minor or indirect way in another
work, whether or not this is considered a relationship important
enough to link the two works is a local decision. Consider
the benefits in automated retrieval: Will retrieving both
objects be meaningful or confusing to end users? For example,
if a painting depicts a sculpture among many other objects
within the context of a genre scene, it is probably not practical
or helpful to link the painting and the sculpture as related
works. On the other hand, it is probably useful to link Marcel
Duchamp's "visual quotation" of the Mona Lisa to a
record for Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, because if
users retrieve one, they will often wish to know about both.
Historical relationships
This category may be used to record both current and historical
relationships, including relationships to lost or destroyed
works, such as an original Greek sculpture known only through
Roman copies, or a lost model-book that provided the source
for an image found in many versions.[3]
Historical whole/part relationships may be recorded as well;
examples include a disassembled sketchbook and its former
folios, dispersed panels that once were part of the same altarpiece,
or architectural spolia that were once part of another
structure.
RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS
Access to information about related works should be provided
according to a variety of criteria, including the type of
relationship, the creator of the related work, and the date
the related work was created. This information comes from
subcategories of RELATED WORKS as well as from various categories
in the related work's record.
20.1. Related
Work Label/Identification
DEFINITION
A brief description and credit line that identifies the related
work and distinguishes it from similar works.
EXAMPLES
- Pendant Mask: Iyoba; mask; unknown Nigerian;
16th century; Metropolitan Museum (New York, New York, United
States); 1978.412.323
- Cities and Sites Cartes-de-visite; collection;
Eugenio Courret, Burton Brothers, Charles Leinack, and others;
1854-ca. 1905; Special Collections, Research Library, Getty
Research Institute (Los Angeles, California, United States);
no.ZCDV 2
- Ruskin Hours; prayer book; unknown French; ca.
1300; J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, California, United
States); MS. LUDWIG IX 3
- Small Miseries of War; series; designed and etched
by Jacques Callot (French, 1592-1635); 1632-1633, published
1635; Paris (France)
- Pantheon; rotunda; unknown Roman architect for
the emperor Hadrian; begun in 27 BCE, rebuilt 118/119-125/128;
Rome (Italy)
- Apollo, Pan, and Putto; painting; Francesco Primaticcio
(Italian, 1504-1570); 1559-1560; lost, formerly in Galerie
d'Ulysse, Fontainebleau (Ile-de-France, France)
- Model for a Mantel Clock; bozzetto; unknown French;
ca. 1700;
J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, California, USA); 72.DB.52
[Figure
18]
- Amenhotep IV Enthroned; wall painting; unknown
Egyptian; Eighteenth Dynasty;
Tomb of Ramose (Thebes, Qin governorate, Upper Egypt region,
Egypt); no. 55
- Fortification Plans of U.S. Army Posts; group,
architectural drawings; originator: Office of the Judge
Advocate General; ca. 1895-1946; Cartographic and Architectural
Branch, Special Archives Division, National Archives and
Records Administration of the U.S. (Arlington, Virginia,
USA); RG 153
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Identify the related work. It is
optional to record related works, but if related works are
recorded, you must record a label identifying the tombstone
information about the related work. Ideally this is generated
from a link to the related work.
Form and syntax
Use consistent syntax and punctuation for the label identifying
the related work, as described in CURRENT LOCATION - OBJECT/WORK
LABEL/IDENTIFICATION. In brief, follow the Examples above,
concatenating the following subcategories from the record
of the Related Object/Work: Title, semi-colon, Object/Work
Type, semi-colon, Creator Description, semi-colon, Creation
Date, semi-colon, Current Location Description, semi-colon,
Repository Number (or Exhibition/Loan History - Object Number).
Alternatively, devise another scheme for syntax and punctuation,
provided it is used consistently in local practice.[4]
Ideally, this category is a link to a record for the related
work, particularly when both works are housed in the same
institution. However, if the related work is not in the collection
of the cataloging institution, the related work may not have
a separate record and the label may necessarily be free text
or the information may be recorded in the DESCRIPTIVE NOTE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
System generated: Ideally, this should be generated
from various fields in the related Object/Work record.
Free-text: If this is a free-text field, index
the information in the pertinent controlled subcategories
elsewhere in the related record.
20.1.1.
Work Relationship Type
DEFINITION
The kind of relationship between the work being described
and another work.
EXAMPLES
preparatory for
cartoon for
model for
study for
plan for
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a term, terms, or brief phrase
describing the relationship between the work being cataloged
and other works. It is optional to record related works, but
if you do record them, it is required to designate the RELATIONSHIP
TYPE.
Uncertainty
Uncertainty and conflicting opinions should be accommodated
in the wording of the terms (e.g., possibly copy after). For
example, when two versions of a painting exist, there may
be a dispute over which is the copy, as with the different
versions of Raphael's Julius II in the National Gallery,
London, and the Uffizi, Florence. Further explain nuance,
ambiguity, and uncertainty in the DESCRIPTIVE NOTE.
Specificity
It is recommended to use a relationship type term that describes
a very specific relationship. However, local practice may
dictate that you use a more general term (in bold in the list
below), which is acceptable if the nature of the relationship
is sufficiently clear in a given situation (e.g., you may
use the more general terms preparatory for - based on
if the OBJECT/WORK TYPES of the two related works make the
specific relationship absolutely clear).
Reciprocity
Note that the relationship types must be reciprocal; choose
terms that correctly reflect the reciprocal relationship (e.g.,
study for and study is). That is, in the
sketch's record, the link to the painting is described as
"study for," because the sketch is a study for
the painting. In the painting's record, the relationship
is described as "study is" because for the painting,
the study is the sketch.
In record for Sketch A: Relationship Type: study
for Related Work: Painting B
In record for Painting B: Relationship Type: study
[for Painting B] is Related Work: Sketch A
Sample relationship types
In the following list of relationship types, note that the
relationships must be reciprocal from both points of view.
The texts in angled brackets are "guide terms,"
intended for organizational purposes only. This is just a
partial list; the list should be extensible for local needs,
probably requiring hundreds of relationship types.
Relationship Type
|
Reciprocal Relationship Type
|
<very general - default>
|
related to
|
related to
|
| <preparatory
works > |
preparatory for
|
based on
|
study for
|
study is
|
prototype for
|
prototype is
|
cartoon for
|
cartoon is
|
model for
|
model is
|
plan for
|
plan is
|
original print |
counterproof from
|
printing plate for
|
printed from plate
|
<paired works>
|
pendant of
|
pendant of
|
mate of
|
mate of
|
partner of
|
partner of
|
<reproductive relationships>
|
copy after
|
copy is
|
facsimile of
|
facsimile is
|
derived from
|
source for
|
depicts
|
depicted in
|
<historical and uncertain
relationships>
|
formerly larger context for
|
formerly part of
|
possibly copy of
|
possibly copy is
|
probably prototype for
|
probably prototype is
|
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Control this subcategory with
an extensible controlled list, using terms in the examples
above and others as required.
RELATED CATEGORIES/ACCESS
Whole/part relationships
Whole/part relationships should ideally be structured in the
database as hierarchical relationships, discussed in RELATED
WORKS - BROADER CONTEXT. If this is impossible (due to technical
limitations), link them here as RELATIONSHIP TYPES larger
context for and part of.
20.1.2. Work Relationship Date
DEFINITION
The date or range of dates associated with the relationship
between the work being cataloged and the related work.
EXAMPLES
ca. 1425-1623
17th century
18th Dynasty
Classic Mayan
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the dates or date range when
the relationship was in place. Include references to uncertainty
or ambiguity as necessary.
Form and syntax
Follow the applicable rules for display dates in CREATION
- CREATION DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax
where possible. Index the dates in the controlled EARLIEST
and LATEST DATE subcategories.
20.1.2.1. Earliest
Date
DEFINITION
The earliest date when the relationship could have been in
place.
EXAMPLES
1420
900
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the earliest year indicated
by the display RELATIONSHIP DATE. Always record years in the
proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields.
It is optional to record EARLIEST DATE; however, if you record
a value here, you must also record LATEST DATE.
Form and syntax
Follow the applicable rules for dates in CREATION - CREATION
DATE - EARLIEST DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
20.1.2.2. Latest Date
DEFINITION
The latest date when the relationship could have been in
place.
EXAMPLES
1623
1521
9999
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the latest year indicated
by the display RELATIONSHIP DATE. Always record years in the
proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields.
It is optional to record LATEST DATE; however, if you record
a value here, you must also record EARLIEST DATE.
Form and syntax
Follow the applicable rules for dates in CREATION - CREATION
DATE - LATEST DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
20.2. Work Broader Context
DEFINITION
An identification of the broader contexts for the work or
group or collection of works, relevant only if the work is
part of a group, collection, set, or series. Ideally this
is a hiearchical link.
EXAMPLES
- Cities and sites cartes-de-visite collection; collection;
various photographers; 1854-ca. 1905 ; Research Library,
Getty Research Institute, Special Collections (Los Angeles,
California, USA); no.ZCDV 2
- Small Miseries of War series; prints; Jacques Callot
(French printmaker, 1592-1635); ca. 1632; Prints and Drawings,
National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC, United States)
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: If the work or group/collection being
cataloged is part of a larger entity, indicate the broader
context for work or group/collection. That is, record the
hierarchical (whole/part) relationships between the work or
works being cataloged and its parent.
Form and syntax
Ideally this is a hierarchical link. For display, follow
the example above, using the form suggested in CURRENT LOCATION
- OBJECT/WORK LABEL/IDENTIFICATION.
In addition to the label as displayed in the Examples above,
the broader contexts may be derived from the hierarhcical
links, and displayed in various ways in various situations.
In abbreviated horizontal displays:
- Attack on the Highway (Small Miseries of War series)
- Tea Caddy (Old Kutani Porcelain Tea Set)
- Dome (Saint Peter's Basilica)
Indented whole/part relationships:
Old Kutani Porcelain Tea Set
..... Jar with Strainer
..... Hot Water Coolant Boat
..... Tea Caddy
..... Tea Pot and Lid
..... Five Cups and Saucers
Saint Peter's Basilica
..... Old Saint Peter's (original structure, 324-1451)
..... New Saint Peter's (current structure, 1451-present)
............ Façade
............ Dome
............ Piazza
Small Miseries of War series
..... Camp Scene
..... Attack on the Highway
..... Destruction of a Convent
..... Plundering and Burning a Village
..... The Peasants Avenge Themselves
..... The Hospital
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
System generated: Ideally, this broader context
display should be generated from the hierarchical relationships
of the object/work being cataloged in RELATED WORKS - BROADER
CONTEXT DISPLAY - BROADER CONTEXT.
Ideally, this relationship should be managed by the computer
system. The method by which the broader context is noted or
linked will be specific to the cataloging, collection management,
or editorial system being used. Linking the object/work record
to its broader context allows hierarchies to be constructed.
In the examples above, the hierarchical relationships are
represented by indentation, illustrating a display that will
be intelligible to most end users.
Free-text: If generating a display by algorithm
is not possible, or if the cataloging institution wants to
express nuance that is not possible from an automatically
generated string, a free-text field may be used instead.
RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS
Generally, the hierarchical relationship will be a special
relationship that is managed separately from other types of
relationships. However, for some institutions, the whole/part
relationships will be recorded only by using "part of"
and "broader context for" in RELATED WORKS - RELATIONSHIP
TYPES.
20.2.1. Historical Flag
DEFINITION
An indication of whether the broader context is historical
or current.
EXAMPLES
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record an indication of whether the
broader context is historical or current. It is generally
important only if the context is historical, because the relationship
may be considered current unless otherwise indicated. This
subcategory will typically apply to objects that were formerly
components of other objects.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Control this subcategory with
an extensible controlled list, using the terms current
and historical; use other terms if required.
20.2.2. Broader Context
Date
DEFINITION
The date or range of dates associated with the hierarchical
relationship between the work being cataloged and the related
work.
EXAMPLES
from 1791
18th century
11th century through 15th century
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the dates or date range when
a title was used. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity
as necessary.
Form and syntax
Follow the applicable rules for display dates in CREATION
- CREATION DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax
where possible. Index the dates in the controlled EARLIEST
and LATEST DATE subcategories.
20.2.2.1. Earliest Date
DEFINITION
The earliest date when the hierarchical relationship could
have been in place.
EXAMPLES
1000
-900
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the earliest year indicated
by the display BROADER CONTEXT DATE. Always record years in
the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields.
It is optional to record EARLIEST DATE; however, if you record
a value here, you must also record LATEST DATE.
Form and syntax
Follow the applicable rules for dates in CREATION - CREATION
DATE - EARLIEST DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
20.2.2.2. Latest Date
DEFINITION
The latest date when the hierarchical relationship could
have been in place.
EXAMPLES
1599
-100
9999
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the latest year indicated
by the display BROADER CONTEXT DATE. Always record years in
the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields.
It is optional to record LATEST DATE; however, if you record
a value here, you must also record EARLIEST DATE.
Form and syntax
Follow the applicable rules for dates in CREATION - CREATION
DATE - LATEST DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
20.2.3. Hierarchical Relationship Type
DEFINITION
Indicates the type of relationship between a hierarchical parent and its child, expressed in the jargon of controlled vocabulary standards.
EXAMPLES
G=Genus/Species (generic)
P=Whole/Part (partitive)
I=Instance
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Required: Expressing the type of relationship is required in a hierarchy, although a default could be set for work records to always be listed as partitive, given that other types of relationships are unlikely in a database of art works. An example of a whole/part (partitive) relationship between work records is a drawing View of Siena is a part of the work Album of Drawings of Italian Hill Towns.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Control this subcategory with a controlled list, using the values suggested in EXAMPLES above.
20.4. Remarks
DEFINITION
Additional notes or comments pertinent to information in
this category.
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a note containing additional
information or comments on this category. Use consistent syntax
and format. For rules regarding writing notes, see DESCRIPTIVE
NOTE.
FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Use consistent syntax and format.
20.5. Citations
DEFINITION
A reference to a bibliographic source, unpublished document,
or individual opinion that provides the basis for the information
recorded in this category.
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the source used for information
in this category. For a full set of rules for CITATIONS, see
RELATED TEXTUAL REFERENCES - CITATIONS.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Authority: Ideally, this information is controlled
by citations in the citations authority; see RELATED TEXTUAL
REFERENCES.
20.5.1. Page
DEFINITION
Page number, volume, date accessed for Web sites, and any
other information indicating where in the source the information
was found.
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: For a full set of rules for PAGE,
see RELATED TEXTUAL REFERENCES - CITATIONS - PAGE.
FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Use consistent syntax and format.
Relationship Number
DEFINITION
The alphanumeric indicator or phrase that qualifies the relationship
between related works.
EXAMPLES
folio 34, verso
page iv
act 4, scene 11
sequence A, scene 45
1st in series
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a phrase or number that concisely
describes the physical or intellectual position of this work
in relation to other related works. Use lower case, commas,
and cardinal numbers, where possible. Use consistent syntax
and punctuation.
It is often important to indicate the sequential position
of one object in relationship to another, particularly in
whole/part relationships. For example, this subcategory would
be used to record the folio or page number in a volume, or
the act and scene number of a cel that is part of an animated
film, the position of a particular print in a series of prints.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
However, consistent use capitalization, punctuation, and syntax
is recommended.
Examples
[for a terrestrial globe]
Relationship Type: pendant of
Related Object/Work Label/Identification:
Celestial Globe; globe; Nicolas Bailleul le jeune
(French, active 1740-1750); 1730; J. Paul Getty Museum (Los
Angeles, California, United States); 86.DH.705.2.
[for an architectural work]
Relationship Type: depicted in
Related Object/Work Label/Identification:
Pantheon; engraving; design by Giovanni Antonio Dosio
(Italian, 1533-after 1609), printmaker Giovanni Battista
de'Cavalieri (Italian, ca. 1525-1601); published 1569; in
Urbis Romae aedificiorum illustrium quae supersunt reliquiae,
Florence (Italy)
[for a carpet]
Relationship Type: mate of
Related Object/Work Label/Identification: Ardabil
Carpet; Maqsud of Kashan (Persian, active mid-16th century);
1540; Victoria and Albert Museum (London, England); 272-1893
[for a stained glass panel]
Relationship Type: formerly part of
Related Object/Work Label/Identification:
Cycle of the Seven Sleepers; cycle; unknown French;
early 13th century; Notre Dame Cathedral (Rouen, France)
[for a tapestry]
Relationship Type: part of
Related Object/Work Label/Identification: Unicorn
Tapestries; series; unknown South Netherlandish; 1495/1505;
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, New York, USA)
[for a dome]
Relationship Type: part of
Related Object/Work Label/Identification: Saint
Peter's Basilica; basilica; Donato Bramante (Italian,
1444-1514) and others; designs begun 1451, constructed 1506-1615;
Vatican City (Rome, Italy)
Broader Context Display: Saint Peter's Basilica
Broader Context:
Saint Peter's Basilica
Dome
Relationship Date: dome was constructed late
16th century
Earliest Date: 1550
Latest Date: 9999
Citations: Millon, Henry A. and Craig Hugh
Smyth. Michelangelo architect: Milan: Olivetti, 1988.
[for a map]
Relationship Type: part of
Relationship Number: plate 1
Related Object/Work Label/Identification: Theatrum
civitatum nec non admirandorum Neapolis et Siciliae regnorum;
book; Joan Blaeu (Dutch, 1596-1673); 1663; Amsterdam (The
Netherlands)
Broader Context Display: Theatrum civitatum
nec non admirandorum Neapolis et Siciliae regnorum
Broader Context:
Theatrum civitatum nec non admirandorum
Neapolis et Siciliae regnorum
View of
Naples
NOTE: The outline numbers are subject to change; they are
intended only to organize this document.
Revised 9 April 2014
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