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penitentiaries (institutions) (correctional institutions (institutions), <institutions by activity>, ... Organizations (hierarchy name)) |
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Note: Generally refers to prisons for those convicted of major crimes. The term derives from the type of prison authorized by the British 1779 Penitentiary Act, enforcing strict discipline and hard labor intended to reform as well as punish. Given that, in modern systems, most prisons include reformatory or correctional functions, the original distinction is lost and the term "penitentiary" often refers to any "prison" in common usage. In the United States, penitentiaries are state or federal prisons that are reserved for the detention of convicted felons.
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| Terms: |
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| penitentiaries (institutions) (preferred,C,U,English-P,D,U,PN)
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| penitentiary (institution) (C,U,English,AD,U,SN)
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| 監獄 (機構) (C,U,Chinese (traditional)-P,D,U,U)
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| 重罪監獄 (C,U,Chinese (traditional),UF,U,U)
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| jiān yù (C,U,Chinese (transliterated Hanyu Pinyin)-P,UF,U,U)
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| jian yu (C,U,Chinese (transliterated Pinyin without tones)-P,UF,U,U)
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| chien yü (C,U,Chinese (transliterated Wade-Giles)-P,UF,U,U)
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| strafinrichtingen (instellingen) (C,U,Dutch-P,D,U,U)
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| strafinrichting (C,U,Dutch,AD,U,U)
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Facet/Hierarchy Code: H.HN |
Hierarchical Position:
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Agents Facet |
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.... Organizations (hierarchy name) (G) |
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........ organizations (groups) (G) |
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............ institutions (organizations) (G) |
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................ <institutions by activity> (G) |
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.................... correctional institutions (institutions) (G) |
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........................ penitentiaries (institutions) (G) |
Additional Notes: |
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| Chinese (traditional) ..... 泛指羈押重罪犯的監獄。此詞彙最早指稱英國根據西元1779年《監獄法案》（Penitentiary Act）設立之監獄，其中施行嚴格紀律，並要求受刑人進行體力勞動以達懲戒及教化之效。由於現代司法體系中大部分監獄皆有教化或矯治措施，具教化功能的監獄（penitentiary）和一般監獄（prison）之間就不再有所區隔，可以此詞指稱任何監獄。在美國則特指專門監禁重罪犯的州立監獄或聯邦監獄。 |
| Dutch ..... Verwijst in het algemeen naar gevangenissen voor mensen die voor grote misdrijven zijn veroordeeld. In moderne rechtssystemen hebben de meeste gevangenissen ook heropvoedingsfuncties en is het oorspronkelijke onderscheid verdwenen. De term 'strafinrichting' wordt in het algemeen spraakgebruik vaak voor 'gevangenis' gebruikt. |
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Related concepts: |
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| meaning/usage overlaps with .... |
prisons (institutions) |
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(correctional institutions (institutions), <institutions by activity>, ... Organizations (hierarchy name)) [300343479] |
| work/live in .... |
penitentiaries (buildings) |
| ...................... |
(<prison buildings by form or function>, prisons (buildings), ... Built Environment (hierarchy name)) [300312257] |
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Sources and Contributors: |
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