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ID: 300264603
Page Link: http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300264603

 

Record Type: concept
manufactories (organizations (groups), Organizations (hierarchy name))

 

Note: Refers to organized groups who make objects primarily by hand. In the context of Western art and decorative arts, the term "manufactory" is often used rather than "factory (organization)" to distinguish groups active in the 17th century or later that made fine art, furniture, tapestries, ceramics, and other decorative objects, as contrasted to workers active in modern industrial complexes, or "factories (structures)," where objects other than art are produced. Manufactories are typically characterized by the types of objects they produce, by the relatively large numbers of artists and craftsmen employed, and by the relatively complex administrative structure of director, or "directeur," and several masters, who may each supervise a separate workshop or studio of artisans and apprentices. Manufactories were often sponsored by a monarch or other powerful person. For smaller groups consisting of a master artist or architect and his or her assistants or pupils, especially those dating from the mid-17th century on, use "studios (organizations)." For smaller groups of artists or craftsmen collaborating to produce works, often under a master's name, especially when the groups existed prior to the 17th century, use "workshops (organizations)."
 
Terms:
manufactories (preferred,C,U,English-P,D,U,PN)
manufactory (C,U,English,AD,U,SN)
製造廠 (組織) (C,U,Chinese (traditional)-P,D,U,U)
zhì zào chǎng (C,U,Chinese (transliterated Hanyu Pinyin)-P,UF,U,U)
zhi zao chang (C,U,Chinese (transliterated Pinyin without tones)-P,UF,U,U)
chih tsao ch'ang (C,U,Chinese (transliterated Wade-Giles)-P,UF,U,U)
manufacturen (C,U,Dutch-P,D,U,U)
manufactuur (C,U,Dutch,AD,U,U)
werkplaatsen (C,U,Dutch,UF,U,U)
werkplaats (C,U,Dutch,UF,U,U)
manufactures (organization) (C,U,French-P,UF,U,N)
manufacture (organization) (C,U,French,UF,U,N)
manufacturas (C,U,Spanish-P,D,U,PN)
manufactura (C,U,Spanish,AD,U,SN)

Facet/Hierarchy Code:  H.HN

Hierarchical Position:

Hierarchy of Agents Facet
Agents Facet
Hierarchy of Organizations (hierarchy name)
.... Organizations (hierarchy name) (G)
Hierarchy of organizations (groups)
........ organizations (groups) (G)
Hierarchy of manufactories
............ manufactories (G)

Additional Notes:
Chinese (traditional) ..... 指主要以手工製造物品的組織性團體。在西方藝術與裝飾藝術的領域中,常用「製造廠」這個詞彙而非「工廠」來指稱活躍於十七世紀及其後期製作藝術品、家具、繡帷、陶器及其他裝飾物品的團體,以區別在現代工業建築物或「工廠(十九世紀中葉)」中製作非藝術品的工人。其製造的物品種類、相對較多的藝術家與工藝師雇員,以及較為複雜的行政架構成為製造廠的主要特色;其行政組織通常由一位總監及幾位師傅構成,每位師傅可於不同的工坊或工作室指導工匠及學徒。製造場通常由君主或其他有力人士資助。若團體較小,僅有一位藝術或建築師傅及其助手或弟子,特別是活躍於在十七世紀中葉後,稱作「工作室(組織)」。若存在於十七世紀前,且為幾位藝術家與工藝師在一位師傅名下合作製造作品的較小團體,則稱作「作坊(組織)」。  
Dutch ..... Verwijst naar georganiseerde groepen personen die hoofdzakelijk met de hand objecten vervaardigen. Binnen de context van de westerse en decoratieve kunst wordt de term 'manufactuur' gebruikt, in plaats van 'fabriek', om onderscheid te maken tussen groepen die in 17de eeuw of later kunst, meubelen, wandtapijten, keramiek en andere decoratieve voorwerpen vervaardigden, in tegenstelling tot arbeiders die werkzaam zijn in moderne industriële complexen of 'fabrieken (gebouwen)', waar andere producten dan kunstvoorwerpen worden vervaardigd. Kunstwerkplaatsen worden gekenmerkt door de specifieke kunstvoorwerpen die er worden vervaardigd, door de vrij grote aantallen kunstenaars en ambachtslieden die er werkzaam zijn en door de tamelijk complexe beheerstructuur, met aan het hoofd een directeur plus een aantal meesters, die ieder toezicht houden op een eigen atelier of studio met gezellen en leerlingen. Werkplaatsen werden vaak gefinancierd door een vorst of een ander machtig persoon. Gebruik 'studio's (organisaties)' voor kleinere groepen kunstenaars, bestaande uit een meester-kunstenaar of -architect en diens assistenten of leerlingen, met name sinds halverwege de 17de eeuw. Gebruik 'werkplaatsen (organisaties)' voor kleinere groepen kunstenaars of ambachtslieden die gezamenlijk producten vervaardigen, vaak onder de naam van de meester, in het bijzonder bij groepen die vóór de 17de eeuw hebben bestaan. 
Spanish ..... Refiere a los grupos organizados que hacen objetos sobre todo a mano. En el contexto del arte occidental y de las artes decorativas, el término "manufacturado” se usa frecuente en vez de "fábrica”. Con esto se podía distinguir a grupos activos en el siglo XVII, estos realizaban muebles, tapicerías, cerámica, y otros objetos decorativos, como contraste con los trabajadores activos en complejos industriales modernos, o "fábricas (estructuras),” donde los objetos con excepción del arte se producen en serie. Los objetos manufacturados son caracterizados típicamente por los tipos de objetos que producen en un taller. Las manufacturas fueron patrocinadas a menudo por monarcas o persona de gran alcance. Para grupos más pequeños que consisten en un artista o un arquitecto principal y sus ayudantes o pupilas, utilizan los "estudios.” 

Related concepts:
distinguished from ....  studios (organizations)
..................................  (organizations (groups), Organizations (hierarchy name)) [300157460]
distinguished from ....  workshops (organizations)
..................................  (organizations (groups), Organizations (hierarchy name)) [300026026]
have affiliates ....  manufactory directors
............................  (directors (administrators), executives, ... People (hierarchy name)) [300386268]
meaning/usage overlaps with ....  factories (organizations)
..................................................  (organizations (groups), Organizations (hierarchy name)) [300379421]

Sources and Contributors:
製造廠 (組織)............  [AS-Academia Sinica Preferred]
.................  國家教育研究院-雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網 March 14, 2012
.................  牛津當代大辭典 1124
chih tsao ch'ang............  [AS-Academia Sinica]
.............................  AS-Academia Sinica data (2014-)
manufactories............  [GCI Preferred, VP Preferred]
..........................  AATA database (2002-) 125905 checked 26 January 2012
..........................  Encyclopedia Britannica Online (2002-) "Sèvres." Accessed 04/10/2001.
..........................  Grove Dictionary of Art online (1999-2002) "American China Manufactory." Accessed 04/1/0/2002.
..........................  Oxford English Dictionary Online (2002-)
manufactory............  [VP]
.......................  Encyclopedia Britannica Online (2002-)
.......................  Grove Dictionary of Art online (1999-2002)
.......................  Oxford English Dictionary Online (2002-)
.......................  Random House Dictionary of the English Language (1983) 1172
manufactura............  [CDBP-SNPC, VP]
.......................  TAA database (2000-)
.......................  Tamames y Gallego, Diccionario de Economía y Finanzas (1996) 396
manufacturas............  [CDBP-SNPC Preferred, VP]
.......................  TAA database (2000-)
manufacture (organization)............  [VP]
...............................................  Grove Dictionary of Art online (1999-2002)
manufacturen............  [AAT-Ned Preferred]
.......................  AAT-Ned (1994-)
manufactures (organization)............  [VP]
...............................................  Grove Dictionary of Art online (1999-2002)
manufactuur............  [AAT-Ned]
.......................  AAT-Ned (1994-)
werkplaats............  [AAT-Ned]
.......................  AAT-Ned (1994-)
werkplaatsen............  [AAT-Ned Preferred]
.......................  AAT-Ned (1994-)
zhi zao chang............  [AS-Academia Sinica]
..........................  AS-Academia Sinica data (2014-)
zhì zào chǎng............  [AS-Academia Sinica]
..........................  AS-Academia Sinica data (2014-)
 
Subject: .....  [AAT-Ned, AS-Academia Sinica, CDBP-SNPC, GCI, VP]
............  AAT-Ned (1994-)
............  AATA database (2002-) 125905 checked 26 January 2012
 
Note:
English .......... [VP]
.......... Grove Dictionary of Art online (1999-2002)
.......... Oxford English Dictionary Online (2002-)
Chinese (traditional) .......... [AS-Academia Sinica]
.......... AS-Academia Sinica data (2014-)
Dutch .......... [AAT-Ned]
.......... AAT-Ned (1994-)
Spanish .......... [CDBP-SNPC]
.......... TAA database (2000-)

 

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