This document contains information about editorial practice for the Union List of Artist Names (ULAN)®, one of the vocabularies produced by the Getty Vocabulary Program. The other vocabularies are the Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)®, the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN)®, the Cultural Ojbects Name Authority (CONA)®, and the Getty Iconography Authority (IA)™.
The editorial guidelines are intended for use by contributors and editors of the Getty Vocabularies. Developers and other implementers of the vocabulary data may consult these guidelines to extrapolate information and guidance for implementation of the Getty Vocabularies.
Guidelines compiled and edited by Patricia Harpring, managing editor, and the Getty Vocabulary Program: Antonio Beecroft, editor, Robin Johnson, editor, and Jonathan Ward, editor, Emily Benoff, Digital Content Manager.
Purpose of the Getty Vocabularies
The AAT, TGN, ULAN, CONA, and IA are structured vocabularies that can be used to improve access to information about art, architecture, and material culture. The Getty Vocabularies are not simple ‘value vocabularies’; they are unique knowledge bases in themselves. Through rich metadata and links, the Getty Vocabularies provide powerful conduits for knowledge creation, complex research, and discovery for digital art history and related disciplines.
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Cataloging: The Getty Vocabularies are utilized as data value standards at the point of documentation or cataloging, to promote consistency in assignment of a term or to provide options among multiple terms referencing the same concept. The Vocabularies provide preferred names/terms and synonyms for people, places, and things. They also provide structure and classification schemes that can aid in documentation.
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Linking: The Getty Vocabularies are used in linking, in order to reference the unique identifier of the Vocabulary record, or to otherwise reconcile their data.
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Retrieval: The Getty Vocabularies aid in retrieval and discovery, utilizing synonymous terms, broader/narrower contexts, and other rich contextual data in search assistants, in database retrieval systems, and more broadly in a linked environment. The Vocabularies are rich knowledge bases that contain dozens of fields of rich contextual data about each concept, and semantic networks that highlight links and paths between concepts.
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Research tools: The Getty Vocabularies are used as look-up resources, valuable because of the rich information and contextual knowledge that they contain.
Access
In order to meet the needs of these various user communities, the Getty Vocabularies are made available in several ways.
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Data formats: As of this writing, releases include Linked Open Data (LOD), XML, and other formats. These files are used by developers or incorporated in various tools by vendors or others. These releases may be transformed to comply with other formats. Tje MARC format is also available for AAT, TGN, and ULAN. Some of these releases contain simplified versions of the data, while others contain the full, rich data sets, providing versions to meet the requirements of various developer communities. Currently, the AAT, TGN, and ULAN are available as LOD, relational tables, and XML. AAT, TGN, ULAN, CONA, and IA are available through APIs. The data file releases are refreshed periodically throughout the year. The Getty Vocabularies are published under The Getty Vocabularies are published under the Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By) 1.0.
Note that we are launching an exciting multi-year project to update the technical infrastructure of the Getty Vocabularies. As part of this work, we are retiring some service offerings, starting with the Relational Tables and XML downloads, and the XML Web Services at the end of 2025. A roadmap and transition plan to support the community during this change will be available in early 2025. If you use any of these services, please contact Mark Pyzyk at MPyzyk@getty.edu by January 2025 to share your use case, which will inform our transition planning.
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Online search: The five Getty Vocabularies’ online search pages are consistently the top sites visited at the Getty Research Institute Web site each month. Using these search tools, catalogers copy-and-paste Vocabulary terms and IDs as part of their daily workflow. Researchers use the search to locate rich information about the Vocabulary concepts. In the results displays, for each concept the data fields are presented in a logical full-record display for end users, as well as in hierarchical views. The online search data is refreshed monthly.
Various releases or utilizations of the Getty Vocabulary data may contain more or less of the full, available data for each Vocabulary record, depending upon the purpose of the release. An implementation that intends to ask complex queries using the Vocabulary data would require the full available data. In another example, if a developer only needs to link to the unique identifier for the concept, perhaps a streamlined data set would be more appropriate; e.g., in the MARC releases for the VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) and in Alma.
TGN Focus
Titian or Tiziano Vecellio? ULAN is a structured vocabulary, including names, biographies, related people, and other metadata about artists, architects, firms, studios, museums, patrons, sitters, and other people and groups critical for cataloging and researching art and architecture.
For further discussion of the history and scope of ULAN, see About ULAN.
Use
The Getty Vocabularies are copyrighted: Copyright © J. Paul Getty Trust and released under Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By) 1.0 For details, see Obtain the Getty Vocabularies.
Contributors
ULAN is a compiled resource; it is not comprehensive. It grows over time through contributions, to reflect new research on biographies, and to accommodate new research in art history. Information in the ULAN is compiled by the Getty Vocabulary Program in collaboration with many institutions. Institutions interested in becoming contributors should follow instructions on the Contribute to the Getty Vocabularies page.
Contact
For further information, please contact the Getty Vocabulary
Program at
vocab@getty.edu
Getty Vocabulary Program
1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 1100
Los Angeles, CA 90049
Revised 9 December 2024