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 Descriptive Name
Name*
Alternate Name(s)
In authority work it is customary to require literary warrant,
that is, establishment of a name by its use in scholarly publication.
A useful tool in this effort is AHIP's Union List of Artist
Names (G. K. Hall, 1994), which presents variant names referring
to 100,000 artists and architects. However, many people and corporate
bodies encountered in architectural history are not yet cited in the
literature of the discipline. In these cases, a name should be
established by its use in the documents being catalogued. When a name
appears in different forms, the most commonly known one should be
used. This may be in the form of a signature or as it appears in a
text, on a title page, or in accompanying textual records.
People
An individual may be known by a number of names, or by the same
name but with a variety of recorded spellings. For example, on
occasion the name by which a person is or was known in in his or her
language and time, e.g., Raffaello Sanzio (vernacular) may be
different from that by which the person is known in the language of
the cataloguer, e.g., Raphael (English common usage). Ideally,
any system should have a name authority file, which would record
alternate names and specify preferred names (in Name).
The preferred name would then be used for searches in files that hold
names. To facilitate retrieval, names are ordered surname first,
e.g., Piranesi, Giovanni Battista. For purposes of display a
separate category (Descriptive Name) gives
the name in natural order.
A name alone may not suffice to identify an individual. It is
recommended that whenever any name is displayed, it should be
accompanied by Locus/Location and Descriptive Date of Existence, under Bigographical/Corporate History.
Displaying these additional categories with
the name enhances an entry's comprehensibility.
Example: |
James Smith, Scotland, ca. 1645-1731 |
James Smith, England, 1734-1807 |
James Smith, Scotland, fl. 1810-1834 |
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Corporate Bodies
A corporate body may be defined very broadly as an organization or
collective of two or more people who have worked together as an
entity. Legal incorporation is not necessary in order for a group of
individuals to be considered a corporate body. Examples of corporate
bodies include partnerships, architectural firms, studios, offices,
foundations, societies, religious bodies, governments, guilds, and
schools.
Corporations, like individuals, may be known by a number of names.
In some instances these are abbreviations or acronyms (National
Gallery of Art, National Gallery, N.G.A. ); in others the name
has changed over time (University of Louisiana , now Tulane
University ). In the case of a firm of architects, changes of
name are often the result of changes in the partners involved.
Example: |
Barott, Blackader and Webster |
Barott and Blackader |
Barott, Marshall and Montgomery |
Barott, Marshall, Montgomery and Merrett |
Barott, Marshall and Merrett |
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It can be argued that each of the above is a corporate body in its
own right, and should be treated as such. However, this approach
would require a mechanism to relate the record of each to those of
the others. From the user's viewpoint, it is desirable for retrieval
to relate people and corporate bodies to one another and to record
the nature of the relationship (pupil of, or in the office
of). It is beyond the scope of the Guide to provide
recommendations for how to discern where one corporate body ends and
another begins, as in the case of an architectural firm that changes
partners several times over a period of years. What is important is
that a consistent approach be adopted.
It is often the case that corporate bodies are clients for and/or
occupants of built works. Indeed, structures are often named after
the corporate body that built or occupied them. Care should be taken
not to confuse a corporate body with the building it occupied.
Example:
The following is an excerpt from a corporate body authority
record:
NAME:
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Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
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LIFE ROLE(S):
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museum
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The following is an excerpt from a subject/built work authority
record:
SUBJECT/BUILT WORK NAME:
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Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
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SUBJECT/BUILT WORK TYPE (BY FUNCTION/FORM):
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museum
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Corporate bodies may be subdivided hierarchically into a number of
entities (e.g., departments or divisions). These entities may have
their own names, geographic locations, and corporate histories.
Example:
In the following example, the repository is part of a larger
corporate body, the Smithsonian.
NAME:
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Cooper-Hewitt Museum
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ALTERNATE NAME:
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The Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of
Design
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GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION:
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2 E. 91st St, New York, NewYork, 10128, U.S.A.
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DESCRIPTIVE DATE OF EXISTENCE:
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founded 1897
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CORPORATE DESCRIPTIVE NOTE:
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A bureau of the Smithsonian Institution, founded in
1897
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NAME:
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Smithsonian Institution
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GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION:
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900 Jefferson Drive, SW, room 2410, Washington, DC
20560, U.S.A.
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DESCRIPTIVE DATE OF EXISTENCE:
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founded 1846
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CORPORATE DESCRIPTIVE NOTE:
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A non-profit independent trust instrumentality of the
United States, founded 1846
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These relationships must be preserved through some structural
mechanism that allows retrieval by each hierarchical level.
Example: |
NAME: |
Smithsonian Institution |
NAME: |
Cooper-Hewitt Museum |
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Category:
Descriptive Name
Definition:
The natural language (direct-order) name of a person or corporate
body. The name recorded here should be the one preferred by the
repository; in other words, it corresponds to that found in the
Name category, not the Alternate Name(s)category (both under
Subject/Built Work Identification). While those Subject/Built Works categories
serve as access points for retrieval, this category provides a way to
display a more natural expression of a name.
Discussion:
This category provides a name for display in the authority
entry for a person or corporate body. It is distinct from
the respective descriptive name categories for Groups/Items
and Subjects/Built Works, where qualifiers or nuances are
added to the name to convey specific circumstances. For an
item of uncertain attribution, the group/item record would
display any necessary qualifications in the Responsibility
Description under Origin/Maker (Sebastiano Serlio ?),
while the authority entry would display the name without nuance
(Sebastiano Serlio).
When a person or corporate body has been known by several names,
the preferred one should be used in this category. Former names may
also be used.
Example: |
DESCRIPTIVE NAME: |
Public Buildings Service,General Services Administration (formerly the Office of the Supervising Architect, Treasury Department) |
DESCRIPTIVE NAME: |
Hôtel de Saint-Florentin (United States Consulate after 1920) |
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Implementation:
descriptive
optional
single occurrence
Category:
Name*
Definition:
An appellation by which an individual or corporate body is or was
known. This category is intended to serve as an access point and
should therefore be structured in a way that aids retrieval, e.g., in
inverted format for personal names: Smithson, Robert .
Alternatively, parts of personal names (last name, first name, title,
etc.) may be recorded in separate categories. Corporate names should
be recorded in natural order, inverting only articles, e.g., Johns
Hopkins University, The.
Discussion:
Retrieval of entries by the name of the relevant person or corporate
body is a basic requirement. It is recommended that existing
guidelines be used, such as those for names in AACR2. In most
cases, personal and corporate names should be recorded in several
categories for adequate retrieval.
Example: |
DESCRIPTIVE NAME: |
Sir Edwin Lutyens |
SURNAME: |
Lutyens |
FORENAMES: |
Edwin Landseer |
TITLE: |
Sir |
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Treatment of names is presented more generally here, however. It
should be understood that this category refers only to a broad
concept that would have to be articulated in several separate
information categories. The following guidelines cover a few
situations that are typical of architectural documents.
If a person's name is unknown, but by convention an associated
name is used in combination with other words (e.g., follower
of Giovanni Battista Gaulli), the entire expression can
be treated as the Responsibility Description category, while
the known person or corporate body named in the expression
should be recorded under Name (e.g., Gaulli, Giovanni Battista).
This method allows researchers to retrieve entries for anonymous
hands through the name of the most closely associated person
or corporate body.
Quite often, however, there is no known person or corporate body
with which to associate an anonymous person. Some repositories may
choose to keep authority records on such people by using a pseudonym,
such as Charlieu façade master,or by initials in the
place of a signature, such as W.G.M.Authority records for such
anonymous people are most effective when supplemented by other
information categories that allow for retrieval. It is recommended
that at least the estimated locus of activity and dates be added to
such anonymous authority entries.
It is not unusual for the name of a person or corporate body to
have several forms or to have changed over time. In most repositories
and information networks, it is necessary to decide which of several
possible names is to be used, for example, in printed entries and in
entries to be shared through a network. This category is reserved for
that preferred name; see Alternate Names for
all others.
Examples:
name:
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Public Buildings Service
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[ALTERNATE NAMES]:
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Office of the Supervising Architect
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Public Works Branch
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Public Buildings Branch
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[All of these entries have respective broader-level entries as
well.]
name:
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Pope, Office of John Russell
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[ALTERNATE NAMES]:
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Eggers & Higgins
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[Following Pope's death in 1937, his surviving partners formed
a separate firm called Eggers & Higgins, but they continued work
on projects begun during Pope's lifetime under the name Office of
John Russell Pope.]
It is recommended that a repository attempt to record the
vernacular version of a name, although doing so may not be practical
in all cases. The vernacular name is the name in the language of the
person or corporate body. This vernacular name may or may not be
preferred by the repository; minimally, the vernacular name should be
recorded as an alternate name in order to allow retrieval
internationally.
To determine the preferred name, the following sources may be
helpful (in order of preference): Bibliography of the History of
Art ; Ulrich Thieme and Felix Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der
bildenden Kuenstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, 37 vols.,
Leipzig, n.d.; Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects, 4 vols.,
New York, 1982; E. Bénézit, Dictionnaire critique et
documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs,
n.e., 4 vols., Paris, 1976; national biographies, other scholarly
literature, records, and inscriptions. It is recommended that sources
consulted for the name be recorded in the entry.
If a repository must select one preferred name for all entries
connected to a given person or corporate body, the Descriptive Name
category in specific entries for Groups/Item
and Subjects/Built Works may be used to
clarify what otherwise may seem an anachronism. For example, an entry
in Subjects/Built Works for a built work
whose patron was Giovanni de'Medici may index the preferred
name Leo X, even though he had not yet become pope when he
commissioned the work. However, the name to be displayed in the entry
for the built work could be Giovanni de'Medici if it appears
in the Descriptive Name category for the
built work. To enable retrieval by the name Giovanni
de'Medici, it should be entered in the authority record as an
alternate name. This approach will not allow immediate retrieval of
all entries related to Giovanni de'Medici, as opposed to all
entries related to Leo X, but using Date of Execution, for example,
would, since it is known when Giovanni
de'Medici was elevated to the papacy as Leo X.
Implementation:
access point
authority-controlled
hierarchical
single occurrence
Category:
Alternate Name(s)
Definition:
Variant names by which a person or corporate body is or was known.
These include names of firms that change over time, variations of
spellings, translated names, and abbreviated names, among others. All
names that appear in literature should be listed.
Discussion:
Researchers may not know which name is preferred by the cataloguing
institution for a person or corporate body. Recording alternate names
makes retrieval possible no matter which name is used in the query.
See example under Name.
Terminology:
All personal names should be in their indexed (inverted) form.
Alternatively, parts of names can be recorded in separate categories
(e.g., last name, first name, titles, etc.). Corporate names should
remain in their original order, except for articles, which should be
inverted.
Implementation:
access point
authority-controlled
optional
hierarchical
repeatable
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