ULAN Editorial Guidelines: 3.3 Names (Research at the Getty)

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3. Editorial Rules, continued

EDITORIAL RULES, CONTINUED

3.3

Names

Included in this chapter

Term ID (required-default)^[1]

Name (required)

Preferred Flag (required-default)

Qualifier

Sequence Number (required-default)

Historical Flag (required-default)

Term Type (required-default)

Vernacular Flag (required-default)

Language for Names

Preferred Flag for Language

Contributor for Name (required-default)

Preferred Flag for Contributor (required-default)

Sources for Names (required)

Page Number for Name Source (required)

Preferred Flag for Source (required-default)

Dates for Names

Display Name Flag (required-default)

AACR Flag (LC heading)

Other Flags

Assigned To note

Example

3.3.1

Term ID (required default)

3.3.1.1

Definition
Number identifying a name in ULAN.

3.3.1.2

Values
Numbers are system-generated in the following range: 1000000000 - 1999999999.

3.3.1.3

RULES

Term IDs may not be edited by the editors.
The system assigns unique, consecutive numbers to names as names are created or loaded in ULAN. Numbers of deleted names are not re-used.
Each name in each subject record has a different Term ID. Homographs do not share the same Term ID.

3.3.2

Name (required)

3.3.2.1

Definition
Proper names, appellations, nicknames, or other identifying phrases used to refer to a person or corporate body.

Examples

Wren, Christopher	Rothko, Mark
Christopher Wren	Giambologna
Kalf, Willem	Burgkmair, Hans, the elder
M$00eraud, Pierre-Antoine, p$02ere	Bartolo di Fredi
Pei, I. M.	Sullivan, Louis H.
Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn	Michelangelo Buonarroti
Gilbert & George	Kicking Bear
Limbourg Brothers	Shen Nanpin
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill	Katsushika Hokusai
McKim, Mead and White	Hand G
Associated American Artists	Master of the Dido Panels
National Gallery of Art	Achilles Painter
Unterberger family	Monogrammist A. C.
Feature Animation (Disney Studios, Walt Disney Company)	Borden Limner

3.3.2.2

Values
Names is a free-text field; values may be ASCII characters (including numbers). No special characters or diacritics are allowed; diacritics must be expressed according to the codes in Appendix A.

3.3.2.3

Sources
Sources are discussed in a separate section, Sources for Names below.

3.3.2.4

Discussion
The Name in ULAN is analogous to the Name in TGN and the Term in AAT. A preferred name is sometimes the only name in the subject record. The preferred name is the name used most often in standard general reference sources in English. It is the name that is displayed in default displays, thus it is sometimes called the "default record-preferred name." If the name has been translated into English (e.g., Raphael), the preferred name in the local language of the artist should be included as well (e.g., Raffaello). Additional alternate and variant names for the artist should also be included.

3.3.2.5

RULES

3.3.2.5.1

Minimum requirements
Record at least one name, the preferred name.

For modern Western artists, record the preferred name in inverted order. It is required to also record the preferred name in natural order; flag it as the Display Name.

For early Western artists and non-Western artists, there often is no inverted form of the name.
List as many variant or alternate names as have at least one legitimate source. Consult sources to gather alternate names as time and editorial priorities allow.

3.3.2.5.2

Alphabet and diacritics

»Roman alphabet

Record all names in the Roman alphabet.

Transliterations
For names in a language that is not written in the Roman alphabet, record the vernacular name that has been transliterated into the Roman alphabet.

For the preferred name, you should ideally use the transliteration derived by applying ISO standards. However, you must often choose between variant transliterations without knowing which transliteration method was employed. In such cases, use the transliteration as found in the most authoritative of available possible sources.

If, at the direction of your supervisor, you are doing a special project that requires using a source in another alphabet, use the appropriate ISO standard for transliterating the names into the Roman alphabet.

For variant names, include names derived by alternate transliteration schemes. However, remember that you must have a source for the name - do not try to translate one transliterated name into another form (unless you are an expert in that language and have consulted with your supervisor).

»Diacritics

Do not include diacritics or special characters in the Name field.

Example

L$00opez, Jos$00e Antonio

Indicate diacritical marks by using the diacritical codes in Appendix A (e.g., $00 in the examples above and below).

If you are cutting and pasting names from an online source, to avoid accidentally pasting special characters and html codes in the Name field, do the following: Paste the name into Notepad text editor, delete diacritics and replace them with the codes from Appendix A, then copy the name and paste it into VCS. (Notepad will automatically remove many special characters, but you will have to manually replace the diacritics.)

3.3.2.5.3

Capitalization
Capitalize all proper names.

Examples
Unterberger, Ignaz
Stormont, Mary
Neri di Bicci
Velde, Willem van de, III
Machado and Silvetti
Superstudio

If the name includes an article, preposition, or conjunction (e.g. of, the, a, and, los, il, la, l', de, des, della), generally use lower case. If an article or preposition is the first element in the name, generally spell it with an initial capital letter. Consult standard reference sources for guidance (see Sources for Names below). See also Inverted and natural order names below.

»Mixed case

Names and other information should be expressed in mixed case (i.e., not in all-upper or all-lower case). If your source lists the name in all caps, translate it into mixed case.

Exception: An exception is when the name has been constructed by an editor (e.g., the word family in Unterberger family). The descriptive word added by the editor should be lower case. (Monogrammists and appellations devised by scholars for anonymous artists should be recorded in mixed case.)
Exception: For the name of a corporate body, if the official name includes all caps or an unusual arrangement of uppercase and lowercase, use uppercase and lowercase as found in authoritative sources (e.g., ARTstor).

3.3.2.5.4

Abbreviations

For the preferred name, avoid abbreviations, except for living artists, extant corporate bodies, or other modern persons or corporate bodies, who prefer to spell their name with an abbreviation.
For variant names, include common abbreviations and variations on the name with abbreviations spelled out, as appropriate.

»Corporate Bodies

For corporate bodies, use abbreviations (e.g., ampersand or abbreviated words) for the preferred name, if found in authoritative sources.

Example
Bedford Lemere & Co. (preferred, display)
Bedford Lemere and Co.
Bedford-Lemere & Co.

»Initials

Avoid initials or acronyms for the preferred name. When cited in authoritative sources, include initials for the variant names. Exception: For relatively modern artists or corporate bodies, initials may be included in a preferred name when this form is the most commonly used form of the name. See also Middle Names below.

Examples
[preferred name does not include the initials]
Jackson, Billy Morrow (preferred, index)
Billy Morrow Jackson (display)
Jackson, B. M.

[preferred name for modern artist includes the initial because this is the most common name for him]
Pei, I. M. (preferred)
I. M. Pei (display)
Pei, Ieoh Ming

Include periods after the initials and spaces between initials (e.g., Pei, I. M. above), except for the rare case when a modern corporate body prefers to spell its name without spaces or periods (e.g., SOM in the example below). See also Fullness of the name below.

3.3.2.5.5

Only one name per field
Caveat: A single name field should not contain multiple names, as is sometimes found in names contributed from other databases and in LC Subject Headings.

Do not include a second name in parentheses. For example, rather than expressing a preferred name with a second name imbedded with parentheses, as in Masaccio (Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Mone Cassai), record these two names as two different names. You would choose Masaccio as the preferred name (because it is the name by which the artist is commonly known), and the full name Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Mone Cassai as a variant name.

Even if your source lists a "heading" or entry-form name with parentheses, do NOT copy this verbatim into the ULAN field. Interpret the source, and enter the data in two separate fields. E.g., if the source lists a name as Hidley, Joseph H. (Joseph Henry), put this in two separate name fields in ULAN. That source's preferred name is Hidley, Joseph H., and a variant name from that source is Hidley, Joseph Henry. (Which name, if either, is the ULAN-preferred name depends upon your research in additional sources, of course, because ULAN requires the most commonly used name.)

3.3.2.5.6

Preferred Name
For the preferred name, choose the name commonly used in English-language sources.

Flag the preferred name. See Preferred Flag below.
To determine which name is most commonly used, consult standard artist dictionaries and encyclopedia, textbooks, and authoritative Web sites, such as a museum's official site. See Sources for Names for a list of standard sources.
For names that are not found in standard sources, consult museum records and other published sources. In the rare cases where it is necessary to create a name (as described in specific rules below), construct a preferred name based on the rules in this manual (e.g., rules for names containing "the elder" and "the younger"). If you cannot find the name in a source and if no specific ULAN rule is applicable for the name at hand, use the Anglo American Cataloguing Rules: 22 Headings for Persons, 24 Corporate Bodies, or the Chicago Manual of Style: 7.6 Personal Names or 7.47 Names of Organizations, and report the omission to your supervisor.

»Consistency

Be consistent regarding the transliteration method, syntax, punctuation, capitalization, and style for the preferred names of artists in the same family or otherwise having similar names. For example, the following preferred names are unacceptable for the two brothers with similar names:

Marseus van Schrieck, Evert
Schrieck, Otto Marseus van

The preferred names for both of the above artists should be formatted consistently (in this case, based on warrant, with the names indexed under Marseus instead of Schrieck). Alternate formats and syntax may be used in variant names. Use authoritative sources and a comparison of other similar names already in ULAN to make the decision regarding how the preferred names should be formatted.
When dealing with corporate bodies that have hierarchical depth, for the names of subdivisions, use the same source that was used for constructing the hierarchy, if possible. See also 3.1 Hierarchical Relationships.

3.3.2.5.7

English Name
Always include the English name if it is different than the vernacular name and if warranted by sources.

The English name should generally be the preferred name, except where the vernacular or another name is more commonly used in English-language sources (e.g., Raphael in English, Raffaelo in Italian; National Museum in English, Národní Muzeum in Czech).
The preferred English name is not necessarily the fullest English name, but rather, the name commonly used in published sources in American English.
Caveat: If the British English spelling differs from the American English spelling, flag the British English name as appropriate (British English, Code 70053). See further discussion at Language for Names below.
Personal names: Note that most non-English-language personal names do not have an English equivalent (use authorized sources; do not invent English translations of names where none is found in the sources).
Corporate body names: Note that most major institutions in non-English-speaking places have an English equivalent for their name. If the English name appears in an authoritative source, including catalogues and Web sites published by the institution itself, use the English name as the preferred name. If you cannot find an English name in an authoritative source, do not invent an English translation; use the vernacular name as the preferred name.

Use the language field and the preferred language flag to mark the preferred English name. See the section on Languages below.

3.3.2.5.8

Inverted and natural order names
Names may be in inverted order (e.g., Wren, Christopher, used for indexing) or in natural order (e.g., Christopher Wren, used for display). Record the preferred name in both natural and inverted order. See also Names with articles and prepositions below.

»Syntax

For the inverted order form of the name, record the name in the following order: last name, comma, first name, followed by middle names or initials and title, if any.

Examples
Harpignies, Henri-Joseph (preferred)
Henri-Joseph Harpignies (display)
L$04ucke, Carl August, the younger (preferred)
Carl August L$04ucke the Younger (display)
Alexander, R. M. (preferred)
R. M. Alexander (display)

For the natural order form of the name, record the name in the following order: first name, middle names or initials (if applicable), and last name. If there is a title, separate it from the name with a comma (e.g., Charles Clifford, 6th Baron of Chudleigh). For Jr. or Sr., use a comma, but for the Elder or the Younger, do not use a comma.
Commas: For inverted names, in general, use only one comma (e.g., Meier, Richard and Sefton, Mrs. Walter). An exception is for titles and honorifics that appear at the end of the natural order form of the name; these titles and honorifics should be positioned at the end of the inverted name, which requires a second comma (e.g., Hartray, John F., Jr. or Clifford, Charles, 6th Baron of Chudleigh). Follow specific rules throughout this manual for placement of commas.
Initials: Use periods with initials; if there are multiple initials, include a space between them. Exceptions are for initials that are part of an official name of a corporate body (e.g., MoMA, which would typically be an alternate name, not the preferred name).

»Persons

For the preferred name, names for persons should generally be in inverted order. Attempt to find the inverted form in a standard source; if you cannot find the name in a source, invert the name using the rules above. Label the appropriate names as Display (i.e., set to "yes") and Index with the Display Name flag.

Example
[for a person, example from VCS]

If the preferred name is inverted, include the natural order form of the preferred name in position #2, and flag it as the Display Name (see Display Name below). It is not required to include natural order forms for non-preferred variants.
If you are not familiar with the language and cultural usage of the name, and you thus cannot determine which word is the last name, do not invert the name. In general, do not attempt to invert names in non-Western languages unless the name is inverted in authoritative sources.
Do not invert names of early artists (e.g., Gentile da Fabriano), unless the name is commonly inverted in authoritative sources (check the indices and other alphabetical lists in such authorities).

»Corporate bodies

For corporate bodies, preferred names should generally be in natural order, not inverted. You may include a variant name in inverted order, if appropriate.

Examples
Eero Saarinen & Associates (preferred, display)
Saarinen & Associates, Eero
Takenaka Komuten Company Limited (preferred, display)
Takenaka Komuten Co. Ltd.

»Early creators

For Western creators dating from before the 16th century, do not invert the preferred name if it is not inverted in authoritative sources. Such names are often a combination of a given name plus a patronymic, place name, or other descriptive phrase, and are thus not inverted because they do not have a "last name" per se. You may include an inverted version of the name as an alternate name, if appropriate.

Example
Leonardo da Vinci (preferred, display)
Vinci, Leonardo da
Bartolo di Fredi (preferred, display)
Bartolo di Fredi Cini
Bartholus Magistri Fredis de Senis

»Non-Western creators

As for names in all Western languages, prefer the name used most often in standard English-language sources.

For non-Western creators, do not invert the preferred name if it is not inverted in authoritative sources. In such cases, the name may already be listed in inverted order or may otherwise be inappropriate for inversion. For example, for Chinese names, it is generally proper to write the surname and first name in inverted order without a comma.
Caveat: If the preferred name has no comma, include a variant name with a comma, if warranted. Note that Library of Congress names will typically include a comma; they should be added as variant names, not the preferred name (see AACR Flag below).
Westernized names: Note that some Chinese, Japanese, and other non-Western names have been westernized, meaning the surname is given last in natural order spellings. Such names should be inverted with surname first and a comma, as for Western artists.
Consistency: Try to consistently prefer the form used by a single general source (such as Grove) for names in a given language. So, for example, if the artist is in Grove, use that preferred form. If not, use the form preferred in a Japanese art specialty book. In the examples below, Hokusai's preferred name is an exception in inverted order because, although Grove lists it in natural order with no comma, he is very famous, thus we researched him in many sources; his name is listed with the comma in most other standard sources.

»Names with articles and prepositions

Generally, the "last name" part of the inverted name should not include the article or preposition. However, this depends upon common usage. For the preferred name, the inverted form of the name should begin with the article or preposition if this is the form found most often in standard authoritative sources. See also Capitalization above and Nicknames and pseudonyms below.

Examples
[inverted form does not begin with preposition]
Loo, Abraham Louis van (preferred, index)

[inverted form begins with preposition]
Da Rosa, Gustavo (preferred, index)

Caveat: For early artists, you must first establish if the name should be inverted at all. The names of early artists are often not inverted, and the article or preposition may represent a descriptive phrase, not a last name per se (e.g., Bartolo di Fredi is not inverted). See Early creators above.
Article without a space: For the variant names, if there is warrant, add names so that the record includes a version of the name with and without a space between the article and preposition (e.g., Le Gros and Legros in the example below).
How to invert a name: For the preferred name, if the name contains an article or preposition and you cannot find the inverted form of the person's name in authoritative sources, use the following procedure: assume that the use of uppercase letters for an article in the natural order form of a personal name (e.g., the "D" in William Frederick D'Almaine) is an indication that this part of the name should be used as the "last name" part of the inverted name (see examples above). If the article or preposition is in lowercase (e.g., Charles d'Agar), assume that it should not be part of the "last name." If there is warrant, include a variant name with the article as part of the "last name."

»Multiple words in a last name

When there are multiple names in a last name (e.g., with married names or Spanish names), the preferred name should be the most commonly used inverted name. Make a variant name with the additional word listed first, if there is warrant.

Example
Acosta Losada, Juan de (preferred, index)
Juan de Acosta Losada (display)
Losada, Juan de Acosta

3.3.2.5.9

Including variant names
Be certain that variant names are flagged as Non-preferred names. See discussion at Preferred Flag below.

At minimum, include important alternate and variant names that appear in major published sources and represent significant differences from the preferred name in form or spelling. As time and editorial priorities allow, check additional artist dictionaries and encyclopedia for additional alternate and variant names. Include variant names even if the differences in spelling and punctuation are minor.

3.3.2.5.10

Names in various languages
Include names in various languages, if appropriate. This will generally apply only 1) to early artists who are extremely famous, 2) to modern or early artists who were active in more than one country, and 3) to corporate bodies. Flag the language, if known. See Language for Name below.

Examples
[for an Austrian painter active in Italy]
Unterberger, Christoph (preferred, index, German-preferred)
Christoph Unterberger (display, German)
Unterberger, Cristoforo (Italian-preferred)

[for an Italian artist active in China]
Castiglione, Giuseppe (preferred, index, Italian-preferred)
Giuseppe Castiglione (display, Italian)
Lang Shih-ning (Chinese-preferred)

The language designation may refer to a transliterated language (e.g., given that all names are in the Roman alphabet, labeling a name "Chinese" means that the Chinese name has been transliterated). If you know the transliteration method, label it with the appropriate language, as in Chinese (transliterated Wade-Giles).

3.3.2.5.11

Variant transliterations
Include variant transliterations. See Roman alphabet: Transliterations above.

Examples
Gu Kaizhi (preferred, display, Chinese)
Ku K'ai-chih (Chinese)
Shishkin, Ivan (preferred)
Ivan Shishkin (display)
Shishkin, Ivan Ivanovich
Shiskin, Ivan Ivanovitch
$07Si$07skin, Ivan Ivanovi$07c
Chichkin, Ivan Ivanovitch
Chichkine, Ivan-Ivanovitch
Schischkin, Iwan Iwanowitsch
Szyszkin, I. I.

3.3.2.5.12

Alternate spelling, punctuation
Include variants that differ in spelling, diacritics, capitalization, or punctuation.

Example
Delerive, Nicolas Louis Albert (preferred)
Nicolas Louis Albert Delerive (display)
Delarive, Nicolaes Louis Albert
Delarive, Nicolas-Louis Albert
Delerive, Nicolas-Louis Albert
Della Riva, Nicolas-Louis Albert
Delrive, Nicolas-Louis Albert
della Riva, Nicolas-Louis Albert

3.3.2.5.13

Misspellings
Include a misspelling if it is found in a major published source (e.g., O'Keefe, Georgia, with one "f" below). If you are absolutely certain that the name is a misspelling (and not a historical name or other valid variant), note this in the Display Date for that name (because Display Date is a free-text field, you may use it for this purpose, although you must also have dates in mind for Start and End Dates; see Dates for Names below).

Example

Caveat: Names of early artists may be spelled in various ways, because there was no established, correct spelling during the artist's lifetime. Include such names only if they appear in major published sources. Do not describe such names as "misspellings" in the Display Date. Be sure to flag them as Historical.
Caveat: Do not include modern or historical misspellings if the misspelling occurs in only one document; such a misspelling will not be helpful in general retrieval and in fact lessens the value of ULAN as a general retrieval tool. Keep in mind that the total number of variant names generally should not exceed 15 or 20, and in most cases, one to five names are enough.

3.3.2.5.14

Fullness of the name
Include significant differences in the fullness of the name. The preferred name should not necessarily be the fullest name, but rather the most commonly used name.

Examples
Goya, Francisco de (preferred)
Francisco de Goya (display)
Goya, Francisco Jose y Lucientes de
Francisco Jos$00e de Goya y Lucientes
Goya y Lucientes, Francisco Jos$00e de
Goya y Lucientes, Francisco de
Goya y Lucientes, Francisco Paula Jos$00e
Goya, Francisco Jose de

Caveat: In general, do not include only a first name or only a last name; even if an archival or other source uses only the first or last name, do not include it in ULAN. For example, the single word Goya should NOT be a variant name in the above example. Exceptions include only rare examples of very famous artists, e.g., Raphael. Consult with your supervisor before adding such a name. Do not use a last name alone with a title of nobility, a social title, or an honorific (e.g., do NOT include Mrs. Stieglitz as a variant name). See Titles below.

»Middle names

Avoid including middle names or initials in the preferred name, except when the most commonly used name includes the middle name(s) or initials. This exception will most often occur with modern artists who themselves prefer the fuller name. Include middle names and initials in variant names, where warranted by authoritative sources. See also Initials above.

Examples
Meier, Richard (preferred, index)
Richard Meier (display)
Meier, Richard Alan
Grassi, Guy (preferred, index)
Guy Grassi (display)
Grassi, Guy N.

3.3.2.5.15

Former Names

»For persons

If an artist's name has changed over time, include the former names. Examples include legal name changes (e.g., a married name) and any other instance of former appellations. The preferred name should be the name most often used in authoritative sour

Examples
[for married names]
Alma-Tadema, Laura Theresa (preferred, index)
Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema (display)
Alma-Tadema, Laura Theresa Epps
Alma-Tadema, Lady Laura Theresa
Alma-Tadema, Laura Teresa
Alma-Tadema, Laura
Alma-Tadema, Mrs. Laurence
Epps, Miss Laura Teresa
Epps, Laura Theresa

»For anonymous artists

For artists whose identity has changed over time through scholarship, include their previous appellations as alternate names.

Examples
[it is generally accepted that Robert Campin is the formerly anonymous Master of Flémalle]
Campin, Robert (preferred, index)
Robert Campin (display)
Master of Fl$00emalle

Caveat: If the identity of an artist is uncertain, do not record the additional names in one record; instead, make two records. For example, Barthélemy d' Eyck is possibly, but not firmly, identified with Master of King René of Anjou. Given that the association is uncertain, do not put the name Master of King René of Anjou in the record for Barthélemy d' Eyck. Make two separate records and link them through Associative Relationships (see also 3.6).

»For corporate bodies

If the name of a firm or other legally incorporated entity has changed, first determine if the new name represents a second, distinct corporate body, which would require a separate corporate body record. Such related corporate bodies should be linked through as Related Persons and Corporate Bodies (see 3.6 Associative Relationships).

Example
Morris & Co. (preferred) .... name of the firm after 1875
Morris and Company (display)
Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. (historical) .... original name of the firm, 1861-1875
Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Company (historical)

For one record: Generally include the former names as historical names in one record rather than making two records 1) if the corporate body is a historical studio or institution (e.g., Manufacture Royale des Gobelins and Manufacture Nationale des Gobelins are two names in the same record), or 2) if the primary partners have remained the same for a modern firm.
For separate records: Generally make two separate records 1) if the function or location of the historical corporate body changed with the name change, or 2) if the question involves a modern firm and legal incorporation, the primary partners have changed, and the firm apparently prefers to clearly distinguish its separate incarnations. Link the related corporate bodies (see 3.5 Associative Relationships).

3.3.2.5.16

Nicknames and pseudonyms
Include pseudonyms and nicknames if found in standard sources. If a pseudonym or nickname is the preferred name, do not invert it if it is not inverted in authoritative sources.

Examples
Man Ray (preferred)
Radnitzky, Emmanuel
Rudnitsky, Emmanuel
Pontormo (preferred)
Jacopo Carrucci
Giacomo da Pontormo

»Article in the name

If the preferred name is a nickname or pseudonym that includes an article, generally invert the name (e.g., Volpino, Il). Include the display name in natural order in sequence number 2.

Example
Greco, El (preferred, index)
El Greco (display)
Theotokopolous, Domenikos

If the variant name contains an article, it is not necessary to include an inverted version. Include a variant name without the article, if warranted by an authoritative source. For example, Giuseppe Mazzuoli has two variant names: Il Bastarolo and Bastarolo.

3.3.2.5.17

Homographs in the same family
Names with the same spelling are called homographs. Include designations that distinguish two or more members of the same family bearing the same name (e.g., the Elder or Sr.).

»Junior and Senior

For modern artists, for the preferred name, include the abbreviations Jr. and Sr. if this is the form of the artist's name found in authoritative sources. Follow the syntax and punctuation in the examples below for display and indexing forms of the names.

Example
Hartray, John F., Jr. (preferred, index)
John F. Hartray, Jr. (display)
Hartray, J. F., Jr.

If a father and son with the same name are both in the ULAN, be sure to include Jr. and Sr. to distinguish between them, even if the Jr. or Sr. is omitted in authoritative sources.
Names containing non-abbreviated versions of "Junior" and "Senior" may be included as variant names.

3.3.2.5.18

'The younger' or 'the elder'
For pre-modern artists, for the preferred name, generally include the younger or the elder to distinguish between fathers and sons who are both in ULAN and who have the same name. Follow the syntax in the examples below. Note that for the preferred inverted name, the younger and the elder are spelled in lower case, while the display form includes the Younger and the Elder in upper case. This is an idiosyncrasy of ULAN that was devised as an aid in creating algorithms for retrieval.

Examples
Breughel, Pieter, the elder (preferred)
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Brueghel, Pieter, I

Variants using Roman numerals may be included if found in authoritative sources (e.g., Brueghel, Pieter, I in the example above). However, the name with the Roman numeral should not be the preferred name when there are only two artists with that name and they are father and son. See Names with Roman numerals below.
Other languages: When there is warrant, include language variations of 'the younger' and 'the elder.' Examples include the following: Italian (il Vecchio, il Giovane), Dutch (de Oude, de Jonge), German (der $04Alterer, der J$04unger), Spanish (el Viejo, el Joven), and French (le Vieux, l'Ancien, le Jeune, and le P$02ere, le Fils).

Make the English form (the elder, the younger) the preferred name, and the names in other language(s) variants. If you find warrant for an exception to this rule, consult with your supervisor. Add language flags where appropriate.

»Names with Roman numerals

Use Roman numerals when all of the following conditions apply: 1) there is more than one artist with the same name in ULAN, 2) the artists have a familial relationship, 3) they have an older and younger relationship, 4) a) but they are not father and son (e.g., when a nephew and his uncle have the same name), or b) there are more than two people with the same name (e.g., when a father, son, and grandson all have the same name; if there are only father and son, use the elder and the younger, or Jr. and Sr.).

Follow the syntax and punctuation in the examples below. Note that the preferred name has two commas; the display name has no comma.
If you come across an example where there are two or more related female artists with the same name in ULAN, consult with your supervisor.
In the extremely rare case where there are two sets of fathers and sons with exactly the same name and if their biographies are similar and thus do not provide adequate distinction between them in displays, use middle names to distinguish the two sets. If this is not possible, use "I" and "II" to distinguish one of the sets.

3.3.2.5.19

Titles and honorifics
Include honorifics and titles, as appropriate.

Syntax: Capitalize titles of nobility. Use punctuation and syntax as illustrated in the examples below. For the preferred name, avoid using more than one comma in the name, unless absolutely necessary. For example, record Alford, Viscountess Marian Margaret, NOT Alford, Marian Margaret, Viscountess. (This rule is in place to allow the name to be "pivoted" by algorithm, forming a natural order form of the name.) For variant names, include names with multiple commas if there is warrant for them.
For the preferred name, use the name most commonly used in standard sources (which will often omit the title).
Title in English: When the title is included in the preferred name, use the form of the title most often used in English-language sources. For kings and queens, this will likely be the title translated into English (e.g., Queen rather than Reina). For other titles, the title may be in the original language because the title does not necessarily translate directly into English (i.e., the English translation of the word may not actually designate the same rank).
Title must go with a full name: For both preferred and variant names, do not include names comprising only the title or honorific and a last or given name. For example, do not include a variant name such as Miss Browning, Sir Jackson, or King Henry; instead, record Browning, Miss Elizabeth; Sir Robert Jackson; or Henry VII, King of England. An exception may occur with anonymous artists who are known only by one name (e.g., Master Adolfo).

»Social titles and courtesy titles

Social titles denote gender and marital status. Courtesy titles are used when addressing persons of nobility.

For males: For males, you may include courtesy titles (e.g., Lord) in a variant name if there is warrant. In general, do not include variant names with social titles denoting gender for males (e.g., Mr., Monsieur, etc.).
For females: For females, you may include courtesy titles (e.g., Lady) in a variant name if there is warrant. In contrast to the rule for males, you may include variant names with social titles denoting gender or marital status (e.g., Mrs., Miss, Mme, Mlle, etc.) if these forms are found in authoritative sources and if they clarify the significance of the name (i.e., if they designate a married or maiden name). Use the punctuation and syntax displayed in the following example. Note that the syntax with one comma "Sefton, Mrs. Walter" is preferred, not "Sefton, Walter, Mrs.", although the latter could be included as a second variant name if there is warrant.
Use spelling and punctuation of female social titles as indicated below:

Mrs.	Mlle
Miss	Mme
Ms.