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20 Related Works

DEFINITION

Works of art or architecture related to the work being described, and a description of the relationship between the works.

SUBCATEGORIES

GENERAL DISCUSSION

There are two general types of relationships between works: direct (intrinsic) and indirect (extrinsic) relationships. Direct relationships include hierarchical relationships.

Direct relationships

It is important to record works that have a direct relationship to the object/work being cataloged, particularly when the relationship may not be otherwise apparent from or recorded in other categories. Works that are by the same artist or have the same subject need not necessarily be listed as related works unless there is a more direct relationship; however, when one of these works is preparatory for another, this special relationship should be recorded.Ideally, separate records will be made for each related work, and the records will be linked. If the cataloging institution does not hold both objects, it may instead choose to make a reference to the related work without linking to a separate record. Direct (or intrinsic) relationships that should be recorded include the following:

  • Whole/part relationships:

    It is critical to record whole/part relationships between a group and its subgroups or items. Collections, sets, series and their parts should also be recorded with whole/part relationships. Also, any work that has components may be recorded with whole/part relationships, including architectural complexes, manuscripts, and triptychs.

    When should separate records be made for the whole and the parts? Create an object/work record for each part as well as a separate object/work record for the whole when the information for the whole varies significantly from the information for the part(s). For example, it is best to make separate records for the whole and parts when the artist, date, style, or location differs between the whole and the parts. Use the subcategory to designate the type of record being created (e.g., item, component, group, or set).

    It may not be possible to make separate records for individual parts when cataloging large groups or collections. In this case, create a full record for the group or collection, and note the number and types of relationships between a group or collection and its parts in the subcategories. This method may also be used for multi-part objects such as altarpieces, drawings, or prints that are part of a volume [].

  • Preparatory works:

    Record all temporal relationships reflected in works that are preparatory for other works, including studies, models, or other works that are steps in the creative process. Examples include Perugino’s compositional study for the Adoration of the Magi (London, British Museum) 1; a model for a clock [] and the finished clock; or a mold and the bronze sculpture cast from it.

  • Paired works:

    Record all works that have or were meant to have direct spacial relationships, such as when two or more works were created to hang together as pendants or a pair. For instance, the Gilbert Stuart portraits of George and Martha Washington are an example of paired works.

  • Reproductive relationships:

    Record reproductive relationships such as copies produced after other works (e.g. Rubens’ copy of Titian’s Bacchanal (Prado, Madrid) or George Baxter’s nineteenth-century print of Raphael’s Descent from the Cross2).

    Photographs depicted in a work, if they are themselves considered works of art, should be recorded as separate object/works rather than and linked as . Buildings depicted in a work may likewise be recorded as a related work. For institutions that do not maintain object/work records for built works, the buildings may alternatively be recorded in the .

Indirect relationships

Generally, do not link works that clearly have only indirect (or extrinsic) relationships. Typically, it will be sufficient to discuss these relationships in the category. These indirect relationships include instances when one work supplies stylistic inspiration for another (e.g. the works of Rembrandt and Delacroix inspired Van Gogh, and the dome of the U. S. Capitol Building was inspired by the dome of Saint Peter in Rome).

If one work is depicted in a minor or indirect way in another work, the decision of whether or not to indicate this relationship by linking the two works should be made locally. When deciding whether or not this relationship is important enough to indicate, consider the benefits in automated retrieval: Will retrieving both objects be meaningful or confusing to end users? For example, if a painting depicts a sculpture among many other objects within the context of a genre scene, it is probably not practical or helpful to link the painting and the sculpture as related works. On the other hand, it is probably useful to link Marcel Duchamp’s “visual quotation” of the Mona Lisa to a record for Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, because if users retrieve one, they will often wish to know about both.

Historical relationships

This category may be used to record both current and historical relationships, including relationships to lost or destroyed works, such as an original Greek sculpture known only through Roman copies, or a lost model-book that provided the source for an image found in many versions.3

Historical whole/part relationships may be recorded as well; examples include a disassembled sketchbook and its former folios; dispersed panels that once were part of the same altarpiece; or architectural spolia that were once part of another structure.

RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS

Access to information about related works should be provided according to a variety of criteria, including the type of relationship, the creator of the related work, and the date the related work was created. This information comes from subcategories of described below, as well as from various categories in the related object/work’s record.

20.1 Related Work/Label Identification

DEFINITION

A brief description and credit line that identifies the related work and distinguishes it from similar works.

EXAMPLES

  • Queen Mother Pendant Mask: Iyoba; mask; unknown Edo; 16th century; Metropolitan Museum (New York, New York, United States); 1978.412.323 []
  • Cities and Sites Cartes-de-visite; collection; Eugenio Courret, Burton Brothers, Charles Leinack, and others; 1854-ca. 1905; Special Collections, Research Library, Getty Research Institute (Los Angeles, California, United States); no.ZCDV 2
  • Ruskin Hours; prayer book; unknown French; ca. 1300; J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, California, United States); MS. LUDWIG IX 3
  • Small Miseries of War; series; designed and etched by Jacques Callot (French, 1592-1635); 1632-1633, published 1635; Paris (France)
  • Pantheon; rotunda; unknown Roman architect for the emperor Hadrian; begun in 27 BCE, rebuilt 118/119-125/128; Rome (Italy) []
  • Apollo, Pan, and Putto; painting; Francesco Primaticcio (Italian, 1504-1570); 1559-1560; lost, formerly in Galerie d’Ulysse, Fontainebleau (Ile-de-France, France)
  • Model for a Mantel Clock; bozzetto; unknown French; ca. 1700; J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, California, USA); 72.DB.52 []
  • Amenhotep IV Enthroned; wall painting; unknown Egyptian; Eighteenth Dynasty;  Tomb of Ramose (Thebes, Qin governorate, Upper Egypt region, Egypt); no. 55
  • Fortification Plans of U.S. Army Posts; group, architectural drawings; originator: Office of the Judge Advocate General; ca. 1895-1946; Cartographic and Architectural Branch, Special Archives Division, National Archives and Records Administration of the U.S. (Arlington, Virginia, USA); RG 153

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Identify the related work. It is optional to record related works, but if related works are recorded, you must record a label identifying the tombstone information about the related work in this subcategory. Ideally this is generated from a link to the related work.

Form and syntax

Use consistent syntax and punctuation for the label identifying the related work, as described in the subcategory. In brief, follow the “Examples” section above, concatenating the following (sub)categories from the related object/work’s record: , semi-colon, , semi-colon, , semi-colon, , semi-colon, , semi-colon, (or ).

Alternatively, devise another scheme for syntax and punctuation, provided it is used consistently in local practice.4

Ideally, this category is a link to a record for the related object/work, particularly when both works are housed in the same institution. However, if the related work is not in the collection of the cataloging institution, the related work may not have a separate record and the label may necessarily be free text or the information may be recorded in the category.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

System generated: Ideally, this should be generated from various fields in the related object/work record.

Free-text: If this is a free-text field, index the information in the pertinent controlled subcategories elsewhere in the related record.

20.1.1 Work Relationship Type

DEFINITION

The kind of relationship between the work being described and another work.

EXAMPLES

  • preparatory for
  • cartoon for
  • model for
  • study for
  • plan for

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a term, terms, or brief phrase describing the relationship between the work being cataloged and other object/works. It is optional to record related works, but if you do record them, it is required to designate the .

Uncertainty

Uncertainty and conflicting opinions should be accommodated in the wording of the terms. For example, when two versions of a painting exist, there may be a dispute over which is the copy, as with the different versions of Raphael’s Julius II in the National Gallery, London, and the Uffizi, Florence. Further explain nuance, ambiguity, and uncertainty in the .

Specificity

It is recommended to use a relationship type term that describes a very specific relationship. However, local practice may dictate that you use a more general term (as listed in bold in the “Sample Relationship Types” section below), which is acceptable if the nature of the relationship is sufficiently clear in a given situation. For instance, you may use the more general terms preparatory for - based on if the subcategories of the two related works make the specific relationship absolutely clear.

Reciprocity

Note that the relationship types must be reciprocal; choose terms that correctly reflect the reciprocal relationship (e.g., study for and study is).  That is, in the sketch’s record, the link to the painting is described as “study for,” because the sketch is a study for the painting. In the painting’s record, the relationship is described as “study is” because for the painting, the study is the sketch.

  • In record for Sketch A:

    • Relationship Type: study for Related Work: Painting B

  • In record for Painting B:

    • Relationship Type: study [for Painting B] is Related Work: Sketch A

Sample relationship types

In the following list of relationship types, note that the relationships must be reciprocal from both points of view. The texts in angled brackets are “guide terms” intended for organizational purposes only. This is just a partial list; the list should be extensible for local needs, probably requiring hundreds of relationship types.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Control this subcategory with an extensible controlled list, using terms in the examples above and others as required.

RELATED CATEGORIES/ACCESS

Whole/part relationships

Whole/part relationships should ideally be structured in the database as hierarchical relationships, as discussed in . If this is impossible due to technical limitations, link them in this subcategory as larger context for and part of.

20.1.2 Work Relationship Date

DEFINITION

The date or range of dates associated with the relationship between the work being cataloged and the related work.

EXAMPLES

  • ca. 1425-1623
  • 17th century
  • 18th Dynasty
  • Classic Mayan

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the dates or date range when the relationship was in place. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.

Form and syntax

Follow the applicable rules for display dates, as recorded in the subcategory.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax where possible. Index the dates in the controlled and subcategories.

20.1.2.1 Earliest Date

DEFINITION

The earliest date when the relationship could have been in place.

EXAMPLES

  • 1420
  • 900

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by the display . Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record ; however, if you record a value here, you must also record .

Form and syntax

Follow the applicable rules for dates in .

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

  • ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

    XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

20.1.2.2 Latest Date

DEFINITION

The latest date when the relationship could have been in place.

EXAMPLES

  • 1623
  • 1521
  • 9999

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the latest year indicated by the display Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record ; however, if you record a value here, you must also record .

Form and syntax

Follow the applicable rules for dates in .

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

  • ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

    XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

20.2 Work Broader Context

DEFINITION

An identification of the broader contexts for the work, group, or collection of works, relevant only if the work is part of a group, collection, set, or series. Ideally this is a hierarchical link.

EXAMPLES

  • Cities and sites cartes-de-visite collection; collection; various photographers; 1854-ca. 1905 ; Research Library, Getty Research Institute, Special Collections (Los Angeles, California, USA); no.ZCDV 2
  • Small Miseries of War series; prints; Jacques Callot (French printmaker, 1592-1635); ca. 1632; Prints and Drawings, National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC, United States)

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: If the work, group, or collection being cataloged is part of a larger entity, indicate the broader context for the work, group, or collection. That is, record the hierarchical (whole/part) relationship(s) between the work or works being cataloged and its parent.

Form and syntax

Ideally this is a hierarchical link.  For display, follow the “Examples” section above, using the form suggested in the subcategory.

In addition to the label as displayed in the “Examples” section above, the broader contexts may be derived from the hierarhcical links and displayed in various ways in various situations:

  • In abbreviated horizontal displays:

    • Attack on the Highway (Small Miseries of War series)
    • Tea Caddy (Old Kutani Porcelain Tea Set)
    • Dome (Saint Peter’s Basilica)

  • Indented whole/part relationships:

    • Old Kutani Porcelain Tea Set
      … Jar with Strainer
      … Hot Water Coolant Boat
      … Tea Caddy
      … Tea Pot and Lid
      … Five Cups and Saucers

    • Saint Peter’s Basilica
      … Old Saint Peter’s (original structure, 324-1451)
      … New Saint Peter’s (current structure, 1451-present)
      … Façade
      … Dome
      … Piazza

    • Small Miseries of War series
      … Camp Scene
      … Attack on the Highway
      … Destruction of a Convent
      … Plundering and Burning a Village
      … The Peasants Avenge Themselves
      … The Hospital

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

System generated: Ideally, this broader context display should be generated from the hierarchical relationships of the object/work being cataloged in .

Ideally, this relationship should be managed by the computer system. The method by which the broader context is noted or linked will be specific to the cataloging, collection management, or editorial system being used. Linking the object/work record to its broader context allows hierarchies to be constructed. In the examples above, the hierarchical relationships are represented by indentation, illustrating a display that will be intelligible to most end users.

Free-text: If generating a display by algorithm is not possible, or if the cataloging institution wants to express nuance that is not possible from an automatically generated string, a free-text field may be used instead.

RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS

Generally, the hierarchical relationship will be a special relationship that is managed separately from other types of relationships. However, for some institutions, the whole/part relationships will be recorded only by using part of and broader context for in the subcategory.

20.2.1 Historical Flag

DEFINITION

An indication of whether the broader context is historical or current.

EXAMPLES

  • historical
  • current

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record an indication of whether the broader context is historical or current. It is generally important only if the context is historical, because the relationship may be considered current unless otherwise indicated. This subcategory will typically apply to objects that were formerly components of other objects.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Control this subcategory with an extensible controlled list, using the terms current and historical; use other terms if required.

20.2.2 Broader Context Date

DEFINITION

The date or range of dates associated with the hierarchical relationship between the work being cataloged and the related work.

EXAMPLES

  • from 1791
  • 18th century
  • 11th century through 15th century

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the dates or date range when a title was used. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity as necessary.

Form and syntax

Follow the applicable rules for display dates in .

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax where possible. Index the dates in the controlled and subcategories.

20.2.2.1 Earliest Date

DEFINITION

The earliest date when the hierarchical relationship could have been in place.

EXAMPLES

  • 1000
  • -900

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the earliest year indicated by the display . Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record ; however, if you record a value here, you must also record .

Form and syntax

Follow the applicable rules for dates in .

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

  • ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

    XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

20.2.2.2 Latest Date

DEFINITION

The latest date when the hierarchical relationship could have been in place.

EXAMPLES

  • 1599
  • -100
  • 9999

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the latest year indicated by the display . Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record ; however, if you record a value here, you must also record .

Form and syntax

Follow the applicable rules for dates in .

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled format: Date information must be formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard and W3 XML Schema Part 2.

  • ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

    XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001.

20.2.3 Hierarchical Relationship Type

DEFINITION

Indicates the type of relationship between a hierarchical parent and its child, expressed in the jargon of controlled vocabulary standards.

EXAMPLES

  • G=Genus/Species (generic)
  • P=Whole/Part (partitive)
  • I=Instance

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Required: Expressing the type of relationship is required in a hierarchy, although a default could be set for work records to always be listed as partitive, given that other types of relationships are unlikely in a database of art works. An example of a whole/part (partitive) relationship between work records is View of Siena, a drawing that is a part of the work Album of Drawings of Italian Hill Towns.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Controlled list: Control this subcategory with a controlled list, using the values suggested in the “Examples” section above.

20.3 Relationship Number

DEFINITION

The alphanumeric indicator or phase that qualifies the relationship between related works.

EXAMPLES

  • folio 34, verso
  • page iv
  • act 4, scene 11
  • sequence A, scene 45
  • 1st in series

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a phrase or number that concisely describes the physical or intellectual position of this work in relation to other related works. Use lower case, commas, and cardinal numbers, where possible. Use consistent syntax and punctuation.

It is often important to indicate the sequential position of one object in relationship to another, particularly in whole/part relationships. For example, this subcategory would be used to record the folio or page number in a volume; the act and scene number of a cel that is part of an animated film; or the position of a particular print in a series of prints.

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. However, the use of consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax is recommended.

20.4 Remarks

DEFINITION

Additional notes or comments pertinent to information in this category.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record a note containing additional information or comments on this category. Use consistent syntax and format. For rules regarding writing notes, see .

FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Use consistent syntax and format.

20.5 Citations

DEFINITION

A reference to a bibliograhic source, unpublished document, or individual opinion that provides the basis for the information recorded in this category.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: Record the source used for information in this category. For a full set of rules for citations, see .

TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT

Authority: Ideally, this information is controlled by citations in the citations authority; see .

20.5.1 Page

DEFINITION

Page number, volume, date accessed for Web sites, and any other information indicating where in the source the information was found.

DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES

Optional: For a full set of rules for pages, see .

FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY

Free-text: This is not a controlled field. Use consistent syntax and format.

Examples

For a terrestrial globe:

  • Relationship Type: pendant of
    Related Object/Work Label/Identification: Celestial Globe; globe; Nicolas Bailleul le jeune (French, active 1740-1750); 1730; J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, California, United States); 86.DH.705.2.

For an architectural work:

  • Relationship Type: depicted in
    Related Object/Work Label/Identification: Pantheon; engraving; design by Giovanni Antonio Dosio (Italian, 1533-after 1609), printmaker Giovanni Battista de’Cavalieri (Italian, ca. 1525-1601); published 1569; in Urbis Romae aedificiorum illustrium quae supersunt reliquiae, Florence (Italy)

For a carpet:

  • Relationship Type: mate of
    Related Object/Work Label/Identification: Ardabil Carpet; Maqsud of Kashan (Persian, active mid-16th century); 1540; Victoria and Albert Museum (London, England); 272-1893

For a stained glass panel:

  • Relationship Type: formerly part of
    Related Object/Work Label/Identification: Cycle of the Seven Sleepers; cycle; unknown French; early 13th century; Notre Dame Cathedral (Rouen, France)

For a tapestry:

  • Relationship Type: part of
    Related Object/Work Label/Identification: Unicorn Tapestries; series; unknown South Netherlandish; 1495/1505; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, New York, USA)

For a dome:

  • Relationship Type: part of
    Related Object/Work Label/Identification: Saint Peter’s Basilica; basilica; Donato Bramante (Italian, 1444-1514) and others; designs begun 1451, constructed 1506-1615; Vatican City (Rome, Italy)
    Broader Context Display: Saint Peter’s Basilica
    Broader Context:
    Saint Peter’s Basilica
    …Dome
    Relationship Date: dome was constructed late 16th century
    Earliest Date: 1550
    Latest Date: 9999
    Citations: Millon, Henry A. and Craig Hugh Smyth. Michelangelo architect: Milan: Olivetti, 1988.

For a map:

  • Relationship Type: part of
    Relationship Number: plate 1
    Related Object/Work Label/Identification: Theatrum civitatum nec non admirandorum Neapolis et Siciliae regnorum; book; Joan Blaeu (Dutch, 1596-1673); 1663; Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
    Broader Context Display: Theatrum civitatum nec non admirandorum Neapolis et Siciliae regnorum
    Broader Context:
    Theatrum civitatum nec non admirandorum Neapolis et Siciliae regnorum
    …View of Naples

Revised 15 February 2024
by Emily Benoff

Notes

  1. Francis Ames-Lewis, Drawing in Early Renaissance Italy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981, 160, plate 162. ↩︎

  2. Susan Lambert, The Image Multiplied: Five Centuries of Printed Reproductions of Paintings and Drawings. New York: Abaris Books, 1987, figure 91. ↩︎

  3. David Ball, “A Bear Hunt Mosaic,” J. Paul Getty Museum Journal. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1984, 12:123-134. ↩︎

  4. In CDWA Lite the Label for the Related Work contains the fields noted here except the final two: the Current Location and the Repository ID are a separate element and attribute in CDWA Lite, in order to facilitate the requirements of linking to the repository via the CDWA Lite schema. ↩︎