Note: Former kingdom located in what are the present-day Borno and Yobe states in Nigeria. Bornu originally was part of the Kanem empire in the 12th-13th centuries. The Kanem empire waned, although Bornu eventually grew and flourished, controlling Kanem once more, in the late 16th-early 17th centuries. Bornu was eventually defeated in 1893 by the Sudan warrior Rābiḥ az-Zubayr.
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