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still lifes (<visual works by subject type>, visual works (works), ... Visual and Verbal Communication (hierarchy name)) |
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Note: Images in which the focus is a depiction of inanimate objects, as distinguished from art in which such objects are subsidiary elements in a composition.The term is generally applied to depictions of fruit, flowers, meat or dead game, vessels, eating utensils, and other objects, including skulls, candles, and hourglasses, typically arranged on a table. Such images were known since the time of ancient Greece and Rome; however, the subject was exploited by some 16th-century Italian painters, and was highly developed in 17th-century Dutch painting, where the qualities of form, color, texture, and composition were valued, and the images were intended to relay allegorical messages. The subject is generally seen in oil paintings, though it can also be found in mosaics, watercolors, prints, collages, and photographs. The term originally included paintings in which the focus was on living animals at rest, although such depictions would now be called "animal paintings."
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| Terms: |
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| still lifes (preferred,C,U,LC,English-P,D,U,PN)
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| still life (C,U,English,AD,U,SN)
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| still-life (C,U,English,UF,U,SN)
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| still-lifes (C,U,English,UF,U,N)
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| still lives (C,U,English,UF,U,N)
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| 靜物畫 (C,U,Chinese (traditional)-P,D,U,U)
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| 靜物 (C,U,Chinese (traditional),UF,U,U)
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| jìng wù huà (C,U,Chinese (transliterated Hanyu Pinyin)-P,UF,U,U)
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| jing wu hua (C,U,Chinese (transliterated Pinyin without tones)-P,UF,U,U)
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| ching wu hua (C,U,Chinese (transliterated Wade-Giles)-P,UF,U,U)
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| stillevens (C,U,Dutch-P,D,U,U)
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| stilleven (C,U,Dutch,AD,U,PN)
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............ | in use from ca. 1650 |
| nature morte (C,U,French-P,D,U,PN)
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............ | used from the mid-18th century |
| nature morte (Italian,UF,U,N)
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| Stillleben (visuelles Werk) (C,U,German-P,D,B)
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| Still-Leben (visuelles Werk) (C,U,German,AD,B)
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| Stilleben (C,U,German,AD,U,PN)
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| natura morta (C,U,Italian-P,D,U,PN)
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| naturezas mortas (C,U,Portuguese-P,D,U,PN)
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| natureza morta (C,U,Portuguese,AD,U,SN)
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| naturalezas muertas (C,U,Spanish,D,U,PN)
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| naturaleza muerta (C,U,Spanish-P,AD,U,PN)
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............ | in use from the early 19th century |
| cuadro de comedor (C,U,Spanish,UF,U,N)
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| bodegón (still life) (C,U,Spanish,UF,U,N)
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| bodegoncillos (H,U,Spanish,UF,U,N)
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............ | in use by the early 18th century in Spain to refer to still lifes without figures |
| bodegóne (still lifes) (H,U,English,UF,U,N)
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............ | from the Spanish term |
| bodegone (still lifes) (H,U,English,UF,U,N)
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............ | from the Spanish term |
| bodegónes (still lifes) (H,U,English,UF,U,N)
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| bodegónes (still lifes) (Spanish,UF,U,N)
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| bodegones (still lifes) (H,U,English,UF,U,N)
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............ | from the Spanish term |
| nature mortes (H,U,English,UF,U,N)
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| nature reposée (H,U,French,UF,U,N)
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............ | early 18th-century French term |
| still-leven (H,U,English,UF,U,N)
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............ | an English spelling of the word derived from Dutch; not often used now |
| vie coite (H,U,French,UF,U,N)
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| vie coye (H,U,French,UF,U,N)
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............ | French for "silent life"; this French term was later replaced by "nature morte" |
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Facet/Hierarchy Code: V.VC |
Hierarchical Position:
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Objects Facet |
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.... Visual and Verbal Communication (hierarchy name) (G) |
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........ Visual Works (hierarchy name) (G) |
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............ visual works (works) (G) |
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................ <visual works by subject type> (G) |
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.................... still lifes (G) |
Additional Notes: |
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| Chinese (traditional) ..... 主要是描繪無生命之物件的圖像，其與這類物件在構圖中是屬於附帶構成元素的藝術不同。一般來說，此一詞彙適用於水果、花卉、肉類或已被射殺的獵物、器皿、餐具及其他包括頭骨、蠟燭、沙漏等典型而言是放置於桌上之物件的描繪。這類圖像自從古希臘和羅馬時代即為人所知；然而，此一主題是由西元十六世紀的義大利畫家所開發出來，並且高度發展於西元十七世紀間的荷蘭繪畫中，其形式、色彩、結構及構圖的品質深受重視，且圖像本身也深富寓意性訊息。此一主題常見於油畫中，不過也可見於馬賽克、水彩畫、版畫、拼貼及相片。此一詞彙原本包括主要是靜止之活生生動物的繪畫，即使這類描繪現在已經被稱為「動物繪畫」。 |
| Dutch ..... Afbeeldingen waarin de nadruk ligt op de weergave van levenloze voorwerpen, in tegenstelling tot kunst waarin zulke voorwerpen ondergeschikte elementen in een compositie zijn. De term wordt in het algemeen gebruikt voor voorstellingen van vruchten, bloemen, vlees of dode prooidieren, kruiken, eetgerei en andere voorwerpen, waaronder ook schedels, kandelaars en zandlopers, op bepaalde wijze gerangschikt op een tafel. Zulke afbeeldingen zijn bekend sinds de tijd van de oude Grieken en Romeinen, maar het onderwerp werd pas uitgewerkt door enkele 16de-eeuwse Italiaanse schilders en in hoge mate verfijnd in de 17de-eeuwse Nederlandse schilderkunst waar de kenmerken van vorm, kleur, materiaal en compositie werden gewaardeerd en de beelden vooral werden gebruikt om een allegorische boodschap over te brengen.Stillevens worden vooral aangetroffen in olieverfschilderingen, maar ook in mozaïeken, aquarellen, prenten, collages en foto’s. De term omvatte oorspronkelijk ook schilderijen waarbij de nadruk lag op rustende levende dieren, maar zulke afbeeldingen worden nu ‘dierenschilderingen’genoemd. |
| German ..... Bild, auf dem der Schwerpunkt bei der Darstellung unbelebter Objekte liegt, im Unterschied zu Kunstwerken, bei der diese Objekte untergeordnete Elemente in einer Komposition sind. Der Begriff wird allgemein für Darstelllungen von Früchten, Blumen, Fleisch oder totem Wild, Gefäßen, Essensgeräten und anderen Gegenständen einschließlich Schädeln, Kerzen und Stundengläsern verwendet, die typischerweise auf einem Tisch arrangiert waren. Solche Bilder waren seit der Zeit des antiken Griechenlands und Roms bekannt; jedoch wurde das Motiv von einigen italienischen Malern des 16. Jahrhunderts neu erschlossen und war in der niederländischen Malerei des 17. Jahrhunderts hoch entwickelt, wo die Qualitäten von Form, Farbe, Struktur und Gestaltung geschätzt wurden und die Bilder allegorische Botschaften vermitteln sollten. Das Thema ist hauptsächlich in Ölgemälden zu sehen, aber es kann auch in Mosaiken, Aquarellen, Drucken, Collagen und Fotografien gefunden werden. Der Begriff schloss ursprünglich Gemälde ein, bei denen der Schwerpunkt auf ruhenden lebenden Tieren lag, wiewohl solche Darstellungen heute "[Tiermalereien](300263554)" genannt werden. |
| Portuguese ..... Imagens em que o foco é uma representação de objetos inanimados, diferentemente da arte em que tais objetos são elementos subsidiários em uma composição. O termo é geralmente aplicado a representações de frutas, flores, carne ou jogo morto, vasos, talheres e outros objetos, incluindo caveiras, velas e ampulhetas, normalmente dispostos sobre uma mesa. Essas imagens eram conhecidas desde a época da Grécia e Roma antigas; no entanto, o assunto foi explorado por alguns pintores italianos do século 16 e foi altamente desenvolvido na pintura holandesa do século 17, onde as qualidades de forma, cor, textura e composição eram valorizadas e as imagens destinavam-se a transmitir mensagens alegóricas. O tema é geralmente visto em pinturas a óleo, embora também possa ser encontrado em mosaicos, aquarelas, gravuras, colagens e fotografias. O termo originalmente incluía pinturas em que o foco era em animais vivos em repouso, embora tais representações fossem agora chamadas de "pinturas de animais". |
| Spanish ..... Imágenes en donde la atención es una representación de objetos inanimados para distinguirlas del arte en que tales objetos son elementos secundarios en la composición. El término es generalmente aplicado a representaciones de frutas, flores, carne o animales de caza muertos, vasijas, utensilios de comida y otros objetos, incluyendo cráneos, velas y relojes de arena, usualmente dispuestos en una mesa. Tales imágenes fueron conocidas desde los tiempos de la Grecia y Roma Antiguas; sin embargo el tema fue explotado en el siglo XVI por pintores italianos y muy desarrollado en el siglo XVII en la pintura holandesa, donde las calidades de forma, color, textura y composición fueron valorizadas y las imágenes intentaban mostrar mensajes alegóricos. El tema es generalmente visto en pinturas al óleo, pero también puede ser encontrado en mosaicos, acuarelas, impresos, collages y fotografías. El término originalmente incluía pinturas en las cuales la atención eran animales vivos descansando, aunque este tipo de representaciones ahora pueden ser llamadas "pintura de animales". |
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Related concepts: |
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| distinguished from .... |
animal paintings |
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(animal art, <visual works by subject type>, ... Visual and Verbal Communication (hierarchy name)) [300263554] |
| involves .... |
trompe-l'oeil |
| ................ |
(illusionism, <visual and representational concepts>, ... Associated Concepts (hierarchy name)) [300056506] |
| meaning/usage overlaps with .... |
bodegones (genre works) |
| .................................................. |
(genre pictures, <visual works by subject type>, ... Visual and Verbal Communication (hierarchy name)) [300265054] |
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Sources and Contributors: |
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Subject: ..... |
[AASLH, AS-Academia Sinica, CDBP-SNPC, CHIN / RCIP, CVAA-BR, GCI, IfM-SMB-PK, RKD, AAT-Ned, VP] |
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AASLH data (2016-) |
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AATA database (2002-) 129251 checked 26 January 2012 |
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CDMARC Subjects: LCSH (1988-) Still-life painting |
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CHIN / RCIP translation (2016-) |
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CVAA-BR Consortium (2020-) |
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Nomenclature database (2018-) http://nomenclature.info/nom/12942; scheme: Nomenclature-Objects |
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Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging / Nomenclature pour le catalogage translation project (2016-) |
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Van Dale groot woordenboek (1994) |
| ............ |
Worcester Art Museum Library, List of subject headings, unpub. (1976) still life painting |
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