Earthen architecture is one of the oldest forms of construction and is evidenced around the globe. This volume gathers the research and presentations from Terra 2022: 13th World Congress on Earthen Architectural Heritage, which brought together in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 350 conservation professionals and practitioners from fifty-two countries.

Seventy richly illustrated papers, fifty-seven in English and thirteen in Spanish, address a range of conservation issues. Abstracts are provided in both English and Spanish for each paper. Themes covered include advances in research, strategies for archaeological sites, community-based care and decision-making, cultural landscapes, decorated surfaces, education, historic and modern buildings, conservation history, risks and vulnerabilities, and traditional materials and practices. Sections that draw on symposia held at the congress spotlight two recent architectural heritage initiatives: the rehabilitation of an urban settlement by the AlUla Old Town and Oasis Conservation Project in Saudi Arabia, and the conservation and management of eight monumental enclosure complexes at the Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks in Ohio.

• Foreword / Prólogo, Timothy P. Whalen
• Opening Remarks / Palabras de Apertura, Timothy P. Whalen
• Part One: Keynote Addresses / Discurso de apertura
  • Tradition, Vision, Partnership: Building an International Community of Practice for the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, Jeanne Marie Teutonico
  • ICOMOS-ISCEAH and the Future of Earthen Architectural Heritage Conservation, Mariana Correia, Maddalena Achenza, Pamela Jerome, Shao Yong, Ione R. Stiegler, Jorge Aching Vasquez, Bakonirina Rakotomamonjy, Ishanlosen Odiaua
  • Reflections on Earthen Architecture Conservation—A New Mexico Perspective, Michael Romero Taylor
• Part Two: Plenary Presentations / Presentaciones plenarias
  • Challenges and Consequences in Preserving Monumental Mud Brick Structures, Anthony Crosby
  • How Will Earthen Architectural Heritage Be Represented on the World Heritage List by 2022? - Thierry Joffroy, Bakonirina Rakotomamonjy, David Gandreau
• Part Three: Advances in Research / Avances en la investigación
  • Micro-CT Evaluation of Calcite In Situ Precipitation System (CIPS) in the Consolidation of Earthen Cultural Materials, Isa Loo, Jay R. Black, Graham Price, Jonathan Kemp
  • An Investigation into the Potential Use of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) Measurement Systems to Accurately Assess the Moisture Content at the Center of Completed Earthen Walls, Steve Goodhew, Matthew Fox, Malo Le Guern, Jim Carfrae, Karim Touati, François Streiff, Mohamed Boutouil
  • The Effectiveness of Nature-Based Conservation Strategies for Minimizing the Modeled Risk of Earthen Heritage Decoration, Jenny Richards, Richard Bailey, Jerome Mayaud, Heather Viles, Qinglin Guo, Xudong Wang
  • Bacterial Consolidation of Earthen Structures: Preliminary Results at the Alhambra Fortress in Granada, Spain, Kerstin Elert, Encarnación Ruiz Agudo, Carolina Cardell, Alick Leslie, Davide Gulotta, Fadwa Jroundi, Concepción Jiménez López, María Teresa González Muñoz, Jose Miguel Azañón, María Rosarío Blanc García, María Paz Sáez Pérez, Elena Correa, Carlos Rodríguez-Navarro
  • Water Repellents in Rammed Earth Heritage Conservation: Using Ancient Products as a Solution for Contemporary Challenges, Telma Ribeiro, Daniel V. Oliveira
• Part Four: Archaeological Sites / Sitios arqueológicos
  • Reflective Conservation in Practice: Informing Consolidation Strategies at Çatalhöyük, Turkey, Ashley M. Lingle
  • Holistic Conservation on an Iron Age Archaeological Site in the United Arab Emirates: Hili 2, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, Felipe Gutierrez, Chamsi Sadozaï, Aqeel Ahmed Aqeel, Amel Chabbi, Steven Karacic
  • Moisture Monitoring and the Use of Rhoplex-Amended Brick Veneers: A Pilot Study of Test Walls at Pecos National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA, Jeremy Moss, Colleen Filippone, Kara Raymond, Kate Scott
  • Intervenciones para la Conservación Sostenible de La Palangana, Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala, Luis Fernando Guerrero Baca, Bárbara Arroyo, Josué Álvarez
  • Cross-Disciplinary Approach Using Asphalt Emulsion for the Preservation of Earthen Architecture Heritage: The Case of La Joya, Veracruz, a Classic Period Site on the Mexican Gulf Coast (2004–2020) - Annick Daneels
  • Caracterización de Distintos Elementos Constructivos y su Proceso de Elaboración mediante la Micromorfología: Estudio Aplicado a Arquitectura Prehispánica de Tierra en Mesoamérica, Marta Mateu Sagués, Hugo Fernández Ramírez, Annick Daneels, Salvador Piña Guido
  • Archaeological Conservation between Excavation and Fruition: The Case of Tell Mozan, Ancient Urkesh, Federico Buccellati, Giorgio Buccellati, Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati
• Part Five: Care by and for Communities / Cuidado por y para las Comunidades
  • The Past and the Future of Adobe Heritage at Ohkay Owingeh, Shawn Evans, Tomasita Duran
  • Beyond Participation in Tribal Housing and Perpetuation of Earthen Traditions, Tonia Sing Chi
  • The Ethics of Representing Stakeholders in Conservation Decision-Making: Some Questions and a Probable Solution from the Himalayan Region, Sanjay Dhar
  • La Importancia de Ser el Señor Cárdenas: El Rol de la Comunidad en la Conservación y Mantenimiento del Templo de Kuñotambo, Perú - Claudia Cancino, Raúl Cárdenas Fuentes, Elena Macchioni, Juan Carlos Mellado Flores, Claudia Miranda Sotomayor, Violeta Socorro Paliza Flores
  • Pequeños y Grandes Arquitectos: Tendiendo Puentes entre Generaciones—Los Casos de Oña y Susudel en Ecuador, Gabriela Barsallo, Alicia Margarita Tenze, Fausto Adrián Cardoso Martínez, Silvana Vintimilla
  • La Casa-Hacienda de Susadel: Un Proyecto de Cocreación y Beneficio Comunitario, Alicia Margarita Tenze, Fausto Adrián Cardoso Martínez, Cristian Abad, Cristhian Allaico
  • Participatory Planning and Management: A Tool for the Conservation and Enhancement of Douar Azrou in Morocco, Karima Mazirh, Mounsif Ibnoussina, Rachida Kasimi
  • Conservación Sostenible en Comunidad: Aprendizajes Técnicos y Adaptativos de la Conservación de Templos Andinos en Arica y Parinacota, Chile, Christian Heinsen, Magdalena Pereira
• Part Six: Cultural Landscapes and Cultural Routes / Paisajes y rutas culturales
  • Qanat as Cultural Landscape in the Earthen Cities of Central Iran, Malihe Chamani, Pamela Durán-Díaz
  • Lo Manthang: A Cultural Landscape Surviving between Tradition and “Development” - Sirish Bhatt, Jharna Joshi
  • Value Interpretation and Conservation of Rural Earthen Landscape: The Case of Earthen Villages in the Loess Plateau in Central China, Shao Yong, Xu Kanda
• Part Seven: Decorated Surfaces / Superficies decoradas
  • Enduring Connections: Science Supports Traditional Knowledge at Montezuma Castle National Monument, Matthew C. Guebard, Wendel C. Navenma
  • Stabilization of Buddhist Mural Paintings from Guru Lhakhang, Ladakh, India, Anca Nicolaescu
  • Powers of Ten: Analyzing Ancient Earthen Architecture and Plasters in the American Southwest, Angelyn Bass, Douglas Porter, Larry Nordby, Matthew DeJong, Matthew C. Guebard
  • Lecciones Aprendidas sobre la Conservación en México de Bienes Culturales Prehispánicos Elaborados con Tierra, Dulce María Grimaldi, Mónica Vargas Ramos, Rosa Liliana Alfaro, Andrea Cordero, Ana Bertha Miramontes, Claudia López
• Part Eight: Education / Educación
  • International Course on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, Abu Dhabi: Development of a Comprehensive Regional Training Initiative, Benjamin Marcus, Claudia Cancino, Amel Chabbi, Aqeel Ahmed Aqeel, Felipe Gutierrez
  • Stimulating Eco-Responsible Architecture and Conservation through Education: The DSA-Earth Postgraduate Diploma at the Grenoble National School for Architecture (ENSAG) - Bakonirina Rakotomamonjy, Nuria Sánchez Muñoz
  • La Enseñanza de la Construcción con Tierra y la Conservación de Monumentos en una Facultad de Arquitectura en Perú - Mirna Soto Medina, Luis Andrés Villacorta Santamato
• Part Nine: Historic Buildings and Structures / Edificios y estructuras históricas
  • The Conservation Journey of the Bin Biduwa Al Darmaki House, 2010–2019 - Peter Sheehan, Aqeel Ahmed Aqeel, Salman Muhammed Ali, Mohammed Khalifa
  • The Collective Granaries in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains: Richness and Diversity of Architectural Forms, Mohamed Boussalh
  • Las Campañas de Mantenimiento de Patrimonio Vernáculo en Tierra: El Caso del Barrio San Francisco de Oña, Ecuador, María Cecilia Achig Balarezo, John Alexander Guachichulca Mejia, Fausto Adrián Cardoso Martínez, Alicia Margarita Tenze
  • Construyendo el Cuidado a Largo Plazo: Plan de Monitoreo Multidisciplinario para el Templo de Kuñotambo, Perú - Elena Macchioni, Giorgos Karanikoloudis, Paulo B. Lourenço, Juan Carlos Mellado Flores, Claudia Miranda Sotomayor, Leslie Rainer, Miquel Reina Ortiz, Mario Santana Quintero, Violeta Socorro Paliza Flores, Clemencia Vernaza, Claudia Cancino
  • Edificios de Tierra dentro de Centros Históricos en Contextos con Fragilidad Sísmico-Ambiental: Vulnerabilidad, Conservación y Reconstrucción, un Enfoque Practico y Participativo entre Europa y Latinoamérica, Giorgia Amoruso
  • El Patrimonio Arquitectónico Construido en Tierra en la Península Ibérica y su Vulnerabilidad frente a los Riesgos Naturales: Un Primer Estudio de Identifacación de Parámetros, Camilla Mileto, Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares, Lidia García-Soriano, Anna Pérez
  • An Inventory for Massone: Abruzzo’s Rural Earthen Anti-Seismic House, Elena De Santis, Ambrantonella Lattanzio
• Part Ten: History of Conservation / Historia de la conservación
  • Reinstating a Historic Earthen Gate: The North Gate of Al Jahili Fort, Aqeel Ahmed Aqeel
  • Earthen Architecture and the Idea of Conservation in São Paulo, Brazil, Mariana de Souza Rolim
• Part Eleven: Modern Buildings / Edificios modernos
  • Under a Modernist Skin: Preventive Conservation of Traditional Adobe at Georgia O’Keefe’s Home and Studio, Pamela W. Hawkes, Michael C. Henry, Dale Kronkright
  • Nineteenth-Century Earthen Architecture of Southern Ontario, Lauran Drown
  • The Southwestern US Modern-Era Adobe, 1910–1960: A Conflict of Materials and Methodology in Adobe Resurgence, Ione R. Stiegler
• Part Twelve: Risk and Vulnerability / Riesgo y vulnerabilidad
  • Developing and Testing Environmental Risk Mapping and Spatial Analysis for Site Monitoring: The Case of Çatalhöyük’s South Area, Nicola Lercari, Ashley M. Lingle, Arianna Campiani
  • A Framework for Identifying and Monitoring Site Vulnerabilities and Establishing Sustainability Indices for Earthen Ruins in the Arid American West, Frank Matero, John Hinchman, Evan Oskierko-Jeznacki
  • [Pluvia Ex Machina] Rain in the Desert: Baseline Climate Change Impacts on Adobe Architecture, Sharlot Hart, Kara Raymond
• Part Thirteen: Seismic Risk / Riesgo sísmico
  • Individual Engineering Solutions for Structural Problems in Earthen Buildings in the Al Ain World Heritage Site, Christof Ziegert, Aqeel Ahmed Aqeel, Felipe Gutierrez
  • Post-Earthquake Restoration Measures and Documentation of the Royal Phodrangs in Upper Mustang, Nepal, Susanne von der Heide
  • Building Culture and Seismic Assessment of a Rammed Earth Village in the Chicamocha Canyon, Colombia, Letizia Dipasquale, Michele Paradiso, Fabio Paparazzo, Giovanni Pianigiani, Ricardo Alfredo Cruz Hernández
  • Information Needs for a Deep Learning System for the Assessment and Restoration of Earthen Heritage Structures: Case Study of the 2017 Puebla, Mexico, Earthquakes, Satwant Rihal, Hisham Assal
• Part Fourteen: Traditional Materials / Materiales tradicionales
  • New Findings on Vernacular Construction Methods in Adobe Windmills: A Case Study of Āsbāds in Nashtifan Village, Khaf, Iran, Alireza Khaksar, Zohreh Khezri
  • Earth and Vegetable Fibers for Roofs: Characterization of Local Practices, Techniques, and Materials from Communities in Northern Argentina, Jorge Tomasi
  • Arga as a Building Material: Its Properties and Application Technique, Pimpim de Azevedo
  • Cob: Future Heritage of the Twenty-First Century? - François Streiff, Mohamed Boutouil, Steve Goodhew, Tom Morton
• Part Fifteen: Traditional Practices / Prácticas tradicionales
  • Safeguarding Authenticity of Intangible Heritage: Revitalizing Traditional Construction Technologies in the Middle East, Pamela Jerome
  • Conservation of Traditional Settlements in the Himalaya: The Case of Leh Old Town, Yutaka Hirako
  • Transmisión del Patrimonio Construido en Tierra: Prácticas Indígenas Guaraní en el Brasil Contemporáneo, Anaïs Guéguen Perrin
  • A Study of Gwari (Gbagyi) Traditional Earthen Architecture and Conservation, Theophilus A Shittu, Moses O. Oladele
• Part Sixteen: AlUla Old Town and Oasis Symposium / Simposio del pueblo y oasis de AlUla
  • AlUla Old Town and Oasis: An Introduction to AlUla and the Old Town Survey and Conservation Project, Rut Ballesteros Carrion, Michael Jones, Jamie Quartermaine, Yann Gayet
  • AlUla Old Town and Oasis: Preliminary Results from the Study of the Farms Conducted within the Framework of the AlUla Cultural Oasis Project (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) - Julien Charbonnier, Yasmin Kanhoush, Emmanuelle Devaux, Julie Gravier, Vincent Bernollin, Tobias Hofstetter, Jessica Giraud
  • AlUla Old Town: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Assess the Heritage Values of an Ancient Oasis City in Saudi Arabia, David Gandreau, Nuria Sánchez Muñoz, Sébastien Moriset
  • AlUla Old Town and Oasis: Pilot Project and Best Practice Conservation Guidelines, Mahmoud Bendakir
• Part Seventeen: Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks Symposium / Simposio de Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks
  • Earthen Architecture of the Ancient Ohio Valley, John E. Hancock, Bradley T. Lepper
  • Conservation and Management of Ohio's Ancient Earthworks, Bret J. Ruby, John E. Hancock, Friedrich Lüth, Rainer Komp, Sebastian Messal, Timothy D. Everhart
  • Cultural Routes among the Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks, Bradley T. Lepper
• Conclusions / Conclusiones, Claudia Cancino
• Contributors / Contribuyentes
• Steering Committee
• Local Organizing Committee
• Scientific Committee
• List of Participants

Leslie Rainer is a conservator of mural paintings and senior project specialist in the Buildings and Sites Department at the Getty Conservation Institute. She has worked on the conservation of decorated surfaces in Africa, Europe, China, Central and South America, and the US. She received a master’s degree in conservation of architectural finishes (Antioch University), earned a certificate in the conservation of mural paintings (ICCROM), and participated in the Preservación de Arquitectura de Tierra course (PAT). She was a partner for the organization of the 2004 colloquium on the Conservation of Decorated Surfaces on Earthen Architecture at Mesa Verde and of Terra 2008, in Bamako, Mali, and was a volume editor for both of those proceedings. She is one of the organizing partners of Terra 2022 and is a volume editor for these proceedings.

Luis Fernando Guerrero Baca is an architect with a master’s degree in conservation and a doctorate in design. He is a research professor at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana in Xochimilco, Mexico, where he also serves as head of the research, conservation, and reuse of built heritage division. He is a member of the Ibero-American Network PROTERRA and of the UNESCO Chair for Earthen Architecture, Constructive Cultures, and Sustainable Development. He is a volume editor for these proceedings.

Frank Matero is Gonick Family Professor of Historic Preservation Architecture and chair of the Graduate Program in Historic Preservation at the University of Pennsylvania and director of the Center for Architectural Conservation. He is also editor in chief of Change over Time. He is one of the partners for the organization of Terra 2022 and a volume editor for these proceedings.

Lauren Meyer oversees the National Park Service’s (NPS) Intermountain Historic Preservation Services Group, including the Vanishing Treasures Program. In this role, she guides and provides support to parks and partners in the conservation of the significant yet fragile architectural heritage of the American West. Having been with the NPS for twenty years, her focus areas include the conservation of archaeological sites in the American Southwest, the development of tools for evaluating and addressing climate change risks and vulnerabilities for cultural heritage, and the implementation of multidisciplinary approaches to cultural resource management. She has a BA in archaeological studies from Boston University, an MS in historic preservation from the University of Pennsylvania, and an advanced certificate in architectural conservation and site management from the University of Pennsylvania. She is one of the partners for the organization of Terra 2022 and a volume editor for these proceedings.