Suggested Readings

  • 1. Who Are We? Identity and Cultural Heritage Go to essay Go to essay
    • Jerry Brotton, The Sultan and the Queen: The Untold Story of Elizabeth and Islam (New York: Penguin, 2016).
    • Christopher GoGwilt, The Invention of the West (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995).
    • David Levering Lewis, God’s Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe (New York: W. W. Norton, 2009).
    • James Reston Jr., Defenders of the Faith: Christianity and Islam Battle for the Soul of Europe, 1520–1536 (New York: Penguin, 2009).
  • 2. Why Do We Value Cultural Heritage? Go to essay Go to essay
    • International Bar Association, Contested Histories in Public Spaces: Principles, Processes, Best Practices (London: International Bar Association, 2021), https://ibanet.org/contested-histories.
    • Neil MacGregor, À monde nouveau, nouveaux musées: Les musées, les monuments et la communauté réinventée (Paris: Musée du Louvre / Hazan, 2021).
    • Andrea Theissen, ed., Enthüllt: Berlin und seine Denkmäler (Berlin: Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Spandau, 2017).
    • Rodolphe Tolbiac, La destruction des statues de Victor Schoelcher en Martinique (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2020).
    • Marjorie Trusted and Joanna Barnes, eds., Toppling Statues: Papers from the 2020 PSSA Webinar Co-hosted by The Burlington Magazine (Watford, UK: Public Statues and Sculpture Association, 2021).
  • 3. Cultural Heritage under Attack: Learning from History Go to essay Go to essay
    • Stacy Boldrick, Leslie Brubaker, and Richard Clay, eds., Striking Images, Iconoclasms Past and Present (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2013).
    • Noah Charney, ed., Art Crime: Terrorists, Tomb Raiders, Forgers and Thieves (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).
    • Dario Gamboni, The Destruction of Art: Iconoclasm and Vandalism since the French Revolution (London: Reaction Books, 1997).
    • Joris D. Kila and Marc Balcells, eds., Cultural Property Crime: An Overview and Analysis of Contemporary Perspectives and Trends (Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2015).
    • Kristine Kolrud and Marina Prusac, eds., Iconoclasm from Antiquity to Modernity (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2014).
    • James Noyes, The Politics of Iconoclasm: Religion, Violence and the Culture of Image-Breaking in Christianity and Islam (London: I. B. Tauris, 2016).
    • Hermann Parzinger, Verdammt und vernichtet: Kulturzerstörungen vom Alten Orient bis zur Gegenwart (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2021).
    • Jo Tollebeek and Eline van Assche, eds., Ravaged: Art and Culture in Times of Conflict (Leuven: Mercatorfonds, 2014).
  • 4. The Cultural Heritage of Late Antiquity Go to essay Go to essay
    • Aziz al-Azmeh, The Emergence of Islam in Late Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
    • Alan Cameron, The Last Pagans of Rome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
    • Kyle Harper, The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017).
    • Fergus Millar, A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II, 408–450 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006).
  • 5. The Written Heritage of the Muslim World Go to essay Go to essay
    • Hassan Ansari and Sabine Schmidtke, Al-Šarīf al-Murtaḍā’s Oeuvre and Thought in Context: An Archaeological Inquiry into Texts and Their Transmission (Córdoba: Córdoba University Press, 2022).
    • Hassan Ansari and Sabine Schmidtke, “Bibliographical Practices in Islamic Societies, with an Analysis of MS Berlin, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Hs. or. 13525,” Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 4, nos. 1–2 (2016): 102–51.
    • Jonathan M. Bloom, From Paper to Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001).
    • François Déroche et al., Islamic Codicology: An Introduction to the Study of Manuscripts in Arabic Script (London: al-Furqān Islamic Heritage Foundation, 2015).
    • Beatrice Gründler, The Rise of the Arabic Book (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2020).
    • Konrad Hirschler, The Written Word in the Medieval Arabic Lands: A Social and Cultural History of Reading Practices (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012).
  • 6. Valuing the Legacy of Our Cultural Heritage Go to essay Go to essay
    • Matthew D. Adler and Eric A. Posner, eds., Cost-Benefit Analysis: Economic, Philosophical, and Legal Perspectives (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
    • Kenneth Arrow, Robert Solow, Paul P. Portney, Edward E. Leamer, Roy Radner, and Howard Schuman, “Report of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Panel on Contingent Valuation,” Federal Register 58, no. 10 (1993): 4601–14.
    • Marcello Balbo, ed., The Medina: The Restoration and Conservation of Historic Islamic Cities (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012).
    • Stephanie Meeks and Kevin C. Murphy, The Past and Future City: How Historic Preservation Is Reviving America’s Communities (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2016).
    • Richard L. Revesz and Michael A. Livermore, Retaking Rationality: How Cost-Benefit Analysis Can Better Protect the Environment and Our Health (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
    • Ismail Serageldin, Very Special Places: The Architecture and Economics of Intervening in Historic Cities (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1999).
    • Stephen Smith, Environmental Economics: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
  • 7. Uyghur Heritage under China’s “Antireligious Extremism” Campaigns Go to essay Go to essay
    • Rachel Harris, Soundscapes of Uyghur Islam (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2020).
    • Christina Maags and Marina Svensson, eds., Chinese Heritage in the MakingExperiences, Negotiations and Contestations (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018).
    • Sean R. Roberts, The War on the Uyghurs: China’s Campaign against Xinjiang’s Muslims (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2020).
    • Nathan Ruser, James Leibold, Kelsey Munro, and Tilla Hoja, Cultural Erasure: Tracing the Destruction of Uyghur and Islamic Spaces in Xinjiang (Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, September 2020), https://www.aspi.org.au/report/cultural-erasure.
    • Rian Thum, The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014).
  • 8. When Peace Is Defeat, Reconstruction Is Damage: “Rebuilding” Heritage in Post-conflict Sri Lanka and Afghanistan Go to essay Go to essay
    • Sri Lanka
      • Malathi de Alwis, “Trauma, Memory, Forgetting,” in Sri Lanka: The Struggle for Peace in the Aftermath of War, ed. Amarnath Amarasingham and Daniel Bass (London: Christopher Hurst, 2016), 147–61.
      • Jude Fernando, “Heritage & Nationalism: A Bane of Sri Lanka,” Colombo Telegraph, 30 March 2015, https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/heritage-nationalism-a-bane-of-sri-lanka/.
      • Sasanka Perera, Violence and the Burden of Memory: Remembrance and Erasure in Sinhala Consciousness (New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan, 2016).
      • Samanth Subramanian, This Divided Island: Stories from the Sri Lankan War (London: Penguin Books, 2014).
      • Nira Wickramasinghe, “Producing the Present: History as Heritage in Post-war Patriotic Sri Lanka,” Economic and Political Weekly 48, no. 43 (2013): 91–100.
    • Afghanistan
      • Finbarr Barry Flood, “Between Cult and Culture: Bamiyan, Islamic Iconoclasm, and the Museum,” Art Bulletin 84, no. 4 (2002): 641–59.
      • Ankita Haldar, “Echoes from the Empty Niche: Bamiyan Buddha Speaks Back,” Himalayan and Central Asian Studies 16, no. 2 (2012): 53–91.
      • Luke Harding, “How the Buddha Got His Wounds,” Guardian, 3 March 2001, https://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4145138,00.html.
      • Syed Reza Husseini, “Destruction of Bamiyan Buddhas: Taliban Iconoclasm and Hazara Response,” Himalayan and Central Asian Studies 16, no. 2 (2012): 15–50.
      • Llewellyn Morgan, The Buddhas of Bamiyan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).
  • 9. Performative Destruction: Da’esh (ISIS) Ideology and the War on Heritage in Iraq Go to essay Go to essay
    • Michael D. Danti, “Ground-Based Observations of Cultural Heritage Incidents in Syria and Iraq,” Near Eastern Archaeology 78, no. 3 (2015): 132–41.
    • Christoph Gunther and Tom Bioly, “Testimonies for a New Social Order: The Islamic State’s Iconic Iconoclasm,” in Image Testimonies: Witnessing in Times of Social Media, ed. Kerstin Schankweiler, Verena Straub, and Tobias Wendl (London: Routledge, 2019), 154–66.
    • Bernard Haykel, “On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action,” in Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement, ed. Roel Meijer (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), 33–57.
    • Jack Moore, “European Parliament Recognizes ISIS Killing of Religious Minorities as Genocide,” Newsweek, 4 February 2016.
    • Claire Smith, Heather Burke, Cherrie de Leiuen, and Gary Jackson, “The Islamic State’s Symbolic War: Da’esh’s Socially Mediated Terrorism as a Threat to Cultural Heritage,” Journal of Social Archaeology 16, no. 2 (2016): 164–88.
  • 10. The Destruction of Aleppo: The Impact of the Syrian War on a World Heritage City Go to essay Go to essay
    • Leila Amineddoleh, “The Legal Tools Used before and during Conflict to Avoid Destruction of Cultural Heritage,” Future Anterior 14, no. 1 (2017): 37–48.
    • Francesco Bandarin, “The Reconstruction and Recovery of Syrian Cultural Heritage: The Case of the Old City of Aleppo,” in Collapse and Rebirth of Cultural Heritage, ed. Lorenzo Kamel (New York: Peter Lang, 2020), 45–77.
    • Ross Burns, Aleppo: A History (New York: Routledge, 2017).
    • Raymond Hinnebusch and Adham Saouli, The War for Syria (New York: Routledge, 2020).
    • UNESCO and UNITAR, Five Years of Conflict: The State of Cultural Heritage in the Ancient City of Aleppo (Paris: UNESCO, 2018).
    • Carmit Valensi and Itamar Rabinovich, Syrian Requiem: The Civil War and Its Aftermath (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021).
  • 11. The Lost Heritage of Homs: From the Destruction of Monuments to the Destruction of Meaning Go to essay Go to essay
    • Talal Akili, The Great Mosque of Damascus: From Roman Temple to Monument of Islam (Damascus: Municipal Administration Modernisation Program, 2009).
    • Diana Darke, Stealing from the Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe (London: Hurst, 2020).
    • Nasser Rabbat, Mamluk History through Architecture: Monuments, Culture and Politics in Medieval Egypt and Syria (London: I. B. Tauris, 2010).
    • Joseph Rosa, Cathrine Veikos, and Sidney Williams, Albert Frey and Lina Bo Bardi: A Search for Living Architecture (Munich: Prestel, 2017).
    • Marwa al-Sabouni, The Battle for Home: The Vision of a Young Architect in Syria (London: Thames & Hudson, 2016).
    • Marwa al-Sabouni, Building for Hope: Towards an Architecture of Belonging (London: Thames & Hudson, 2021).
  • 12. Reconstruction, Who Decides? Go to essay Go to essay
    • Rania Abouzeid, No Turning Back: Life, Loss, and Hope in Wartime Syria (New York: W. W. Norton, 2019).
    • Joseph Daher, Syria after the Uprisings: The Political Economy of State Resilience (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2020).
    • Samir Kassir, Beirut, trans. M. B. DeBevoise (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010).
    • Philip S. Khoury and Samir Khalaf, eds., Recovering Beirut: Urban Design and Post-war Reconstruction (Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1993).
    • Lisa Wedeen, Authoritarian Apprehensions: Ideology, Judgment, and Mourning in Syria (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018).
    • Maha Yahya, ed., Contentious Politics in the Syrian Conflict: Opposition, Representation, and Resistance (Beirut: Carnegie Middle East Center, 2020).
  • 13. Yemen’s Manuscript Culture under Attack Go to essay Go to essay
    • Hassan Ansari and Sabine Schmidtke, eds., Yemeni Manuscript Cultures in Peril (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2022).
    • David Hollenberg, Christoph Rauch, and Sabine Schmidtke, eds., The Yemeni Manuscript Tradition (Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2015).
    • Brinkley Messick, Sharīʿa Scripts: A Historical Anthropology (New York: Columbia University Press, 2019).
    • Sabine Schmidtke, Traditional Yemeni Scholarship amidst Political Turmoil and War: Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. al-Muṭahhar al-Manṣūr (1915–2016) and His Personal Library (Córdoba: Córdoba University Press, 2018).
    • Nancy Um, “Yemeni Manuscripts Online: Digitization in an Age of War and Loss,” Manuscript Studies 5, no. 1 (2021), https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol5/iss1/1.
  • 14. Cultural Heritage at Risk in Mali: The Destruction of Timbuktu’s Mausoleums of Saints Go to essay Go to essay
    • Lazare Eloundou and Ishanlosen Odiaua, eds., African World Heritage: A Remarkable Diversity (Paris: UNESCO, 2012).
    • Marina Lostal, International Cultural Heritage Law in Armed Conflict: Case-Studies of Syria, Libya, Mali, the Invasion of Iraq, and the Buddhas of Bamiyan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).
    • Emma Charlene Lubaale, “The First Cultural-Property Conviction at the ICC: An Analysis of the Al Mahdi Judgement,” South African Yearbook on International Law 41, no. 1 (2016): 126–64.
    • Jadranka Petrovic, “What Next for Endangered Cultural Treasures? The Timbuktu Crisis and the Responsibility to Protect,” New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law 11, no. 2 (2013): 381–425.
    • Frédéric Foka Taffo, “Al Mahdi’s Case before the International Criminal Court: A Landmark Decision in the Protection of Cultural and Religious Sites,” Conflict Trends, no. 4 (2016): 42–49.
    • Sabine von Schorlemer, “Military Intervention, the UN Security Council, and the Role of UNESCO: The Case of Mali,” in Intersections in International Cultural Heritage Law, ed. Anne-Marie Carstens and Elizabeth Varner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 82–103.
  • 15. Indigenous Threatened Heritage in Guatemala Go to essay Go to essay
    • Robert M. Carmack, ed., Harvest of Violence: The Maya Indians and the Guatemalan Crisis (Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992).
    • Patricia A. McAnany, Maya Cultural Heritage: How Archaeologists and Indigenous Communities Engage the Past (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016).
    • Rigoberta Menchú, I, Rigoberta Menchú: An Indian Woman in Guatemala, 2nd ed., ed. Elisabeth Burgos-Debray, trans. Ann Wright (New York: Verso Books, 2009).
    • Victor D. Montejo, Voices from Exile: Violence and Survival in Modern Maya History (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999).
    • Próspero Penados del Barrio (Archbishop of Guatemala), Guatemala: Never Again! (New York: Orbis Books, 1999), Recovery of Historical Memory Project (REMHI): The Official Report of the Human Rights Office Archdiocese of Guatemala.
    • Kay B. Warren, Indigenous Movements and Their Critics: Pan-Maya Activism in Guatemala (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998).
  • 16. Cultural Cleansing and Mass Atrocities Go to essay Go to essay
  • 17. Choosing between Human Life and Cultural Heritage in War Go to essay Go to essay
  • 18. Saving Stones and Saving Lives: A Humanitarian Perspective on Protecting Cultural Heritage in War Go to essay Go to essay
    • Michael Barnett, Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011).
    • Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Vintage, 2008).
    • Christopher Merrill, The Old Bridge: The Third Balkan War and the Age of the Refugee (Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 1995).
    • Philippe Sands, East West Street: On the Origins of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity (New York: Knopf, 2018).
    • Hugo Slim, Humanitarian Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
  • 19. Engaging Nonstate Armed Groups in the Protection of Cultural Heritage Go to essay Go to essay
    • Simone Molin Friis, “‘Behead, Burn, Crucify, Crush’: Theorizing the Islamic State’s Public Displays of Violence,” European Journal of International Relations 24, no. 2 (2018): 243–67.
    • Lee Ann Fujii, “The Puzzle of Extra-Lethal Violence,” Perspectives on Politics 11, no. 2 (2013): 410–26.
    • Geneva Call, Culture under Fire: Armed Non-state Actors and Cultural Heritage in Wartime (Geneva: Geneva Call, October 2018), https://genevacall.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cultural_Heritage_Study_Final.pdf.
    • Hyeran Jo, Compliant Rebels: Rebel Groups and International Law in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
    • Brian McQuinn, Fiona Terry, Oliver Kaplan, and Francisco Gutiérrez-Sanin, “Promoting Restraint in War,” International Interactions 47, no. 5 (2021): 795–824.
    • Jessica A. Stanton, Violence and Restraint in War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).
  • 20. After the Dust Settles: Transitional Justice and Identity in the Aftermath of Cultural Destruction Go to essay Go to essay
    • Oumar Ba, “Who Are the Victims of Crimes against Cultural Heritage?,” Human Rights Quarterly 41, no. 3 (2019): 578–95.
    • Patty Gerstenblith, “The Destruction of Cultural Heritage: A Crime against Property or a Crime against People?,” John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law 15, no. 336 (2016): 336–93.
    • Wendy Lambourne, “Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding After Mass Violence,” International Journal of Transitional Justice 3, no. 1 (2009): 28–48.
    • Lucas Lixinski, “Cultural Heritage Law and Transitional Justice: Lessons from South Africa,” International Journal of Transitional Justice 9, no. 2 (2015): 278–96.
    • Marina Lostal, International Cultural Heritage Law in Armed Conflict: Case-Studies of Syria, Libya, Mali, the Invasion of Iraq, and the Buddhas of Bamiyan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).
  • 21. Protecting Cultural Heritage: The Ties between People and Places Go to essay Go to essay
    • Kevin Chamberlain, War and Cultural Heritage: A Commentary on the Hague Convention 1954 and Its Two Protocols, 2nd ed. (Builth Wells, UK: Institute of Art and Law, 2013).
    • Francesco Francioni, “Beyond State Sovereignty: The Protection of Cultural Heritage as a Shared Interest of Humanity,” Michigan Journal of International Law 25, no. 4 (2004): 1209–28.
    • Patty Gerstenblith, “The Destruction of Cultural Heritage: A Crime against Property or a Crime against People?,” John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law 15, no. 336 (2016) 336–93.
    • Federico Lenzerini, “Terrorism, Conflicts and the Responsibility to Protect Cultural Heritage,” International Spectator 51, no. 2 (2016): 70–85.
    • Polina Levina Mahnad, “Protecting Cultural Property in Syria: New Opportunities for States to Enhance Compliance with International Law?,” International Review of the Red Cross 99 (2019): 1037–74.
    • Stephennie Mulder, “Imagining Localities of Antiquity in Islamic Societies,” International Journal of Islamic Architecture 6, no. 2 (2017): 229–54.
    • Joseph L. Sax, “Heritage Preservation as a Public Duty: The Abbé Grégoire and the Origins of an Idea,” Michigan Law Review 88, no. 5 (1989–90): 1142–69.
  • 22. International Humanitarian Law and the Protection of Cultural Property Go to essay Go to essay
    • Kevin Chamberlain, War and Cultural Heritage: An Analysis of the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and Its Two Protocols, 2nd ed. (Builth Wells, UK: Institute of Art and Law, 2012).
    • Francesco Francioni and Ana Filipa Vrdoljak, eds., The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020).
    • Marina Lostal, International Cultural Heritage Law in Armed Conflict: Case-Studies of Syria, Libya, Mali, the Invasion of Iraq, and the Buddhas of Bamiyan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).
    • Roger O’Keefe, The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
    • “Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict,” special issue, International Review of the Red Cross, no. 854 (June 2004), https://international-review.icrc.org/reviews/irrc-no-854-protection-cultural-property-armed-conflict.
  • 23. International Human Rights Law and Cultural Heritage Go to essay Go to essay
    • Janet Blake, International Cultural Heritage Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
    • Francesco Francioni and Ana Filipa Vrdoljak, eds., The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020).
    • Federico Lenzerini, The Culturalization of Human Rights Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).
    • Roger O’Keefe, The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
    • Riccardo Pavoni, “International Legal Protection of Cultural Heritage in Armed Conflict: Achievements and Developments,” Studi Senesi 132, no. 2 (2020): 335–57.
  • 24. Customs, General Principles, and the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Property Go to essay Go to essay
    • Janet Blake, International Cultural Heritage Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
    • Francesco Francioni, “Beyond State Sovereignty: The Protection of Cultural Heritage as a Shared Interest of Humanity,” Michigan Journal of International Law 25, no. 4 (2004): 1209–28.
    • Francesco Francioni and Federico Lenzerini, “The Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan and International Law,” European Journal of International Law 14, no. 4 (2003): 619–51.
    • Federico Lenzerini, “Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage,” in The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law, ed. Francesco Francioni and Ana Filipa Vrdoljak (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 75–100.
    • James A. R. Nafziger, “The Responsibility to Protect Cultural Heritage and Prevent Cultural Genocide,” in The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law, ed. Francesco Francioni and Ana Filipa Vrdoljak (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 121–44.
    • Roger O’Keefe, The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
    • “Symposium: The Human Dimension of International Cultural Heritage Law,” special issue, European Journal of International law 22, no. 1 (2011).
    • Ana Filipa Vrdoljak, ed., The Cultural Dimension of Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
  • 25. Prosecuting Heritage Destruction Go to essay Go to essay
    • Serge Brammertz, Kevin C. Hughes, Alison Kipp, and William B. Tomljanovich, “Attacks against Cultural Heritage as a Weapon of War: Prosecutions at the ICTY,” Journal of International Criminal Justice 14, no. 5 (2016): 1143–74.
    • Micaela Frulli, “The Criminalization of Offences against Cultural Heritage in Times of Armed Conflict: The Quest for Consistency,” European Journal of International Law 22, no. 1 (2011): 203–17.
    • ICC, Office of the Prosecutor, Policy on Cultural Heritage (The Hague: ICC, June 2021), https://www.icc-cpi.int/itemsDocuments/20210614-otp-policy-cultural-heritage-eng.pdf.
    • Ana Filipa Vrdoljak, “Cultural Heritage in Human Rights and Humanitarian Law,” in International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law, ed. Orna Ben-Nephtali (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 250–302.
    • Karolina Wierczyńska and Andrzej Jakubowski, “Individual Criminal Responsibility for Deliberate Destruction of Cultural Heritage: Contextualizing the ICC Judgment in the Al-Mahdi Case,” Chinese Journal of International Law 16, no. 4 (2017): 695–721.
  • 26. Fighting Terrorist Attacks against World Heritage and Global Cultural Heritage Governance Go to essay Go to essay
    • Irina Bokova, UNESCO’s Response to the Rise of Violent Extremism: A Decade of Building International Momentum in the Struggle to Protect Cultural Heritage, Occasional Papers in Cultural Heritage Policy no. 5 (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2021), https://www.getty.edu/publications/occasional-papers-5/.
    • James Cuno and Thomas G. Weiss, eds., Cultural Heritage under Siege: Laying the Foundation for a Legal and Political Framework to Protect Cultural Heritage at Risk in Zones of Armed Conflict, Occasional Papers in Cultural Heritage Policy no. 4 (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2020), https://www.getty.edu/publications/occasional-papers-4/.
    • Francesco Francioni with the assistance of Federico Lenzerini, eds., The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
    • Wolfgang Schneider and Daniel Gad, eds., Good Governance for Cultural Policy: An African-European Research about Arts and Development (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014).
    • Sabine von Schorlemer, “Cultural Heritage Protection as a Security Issue in the 21st Century: Recent Developments,” Indonesian Journal of International Law 16, no. 1 (2018): 28–60.
    • Sabine von Schorlemer, “Military Intervention, the UN Security Council, and the Role of UNESCO: The Case of Mali,” in Intersections in International Cultural Heritage Law, ed. Anne-Marie Carstens and Elizabeth Varner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 82–103.
    • Claire Smith, Heather Burke, Cherrie de Leiuen, and Gary Jackson, “The Islamic State’s Symbolic War: Da’esh’s Socially Mediated Terrorism as a Threat to Cultural Heritage,” Journal of Social Archaeology 16, no. 2 (2016): 164–88.
  • 27. Protecting Cultural Heritage on the Battlefield: The Hard Case of Religion Go to essay Go to essay
    • Robert M. Edsel, Saving Italy: The Race to Rescue a Nation’s Treasures from the Nazis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013).
    • Sumit Ganguly and C. Christine Fair, eds., Treading on Sacred Ground (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
    • David Hapgood and David Richardson, Monte Cassino (New York: Congdon and Weed, 1984).
    • Ron E. Hassner, Religion on the Battlefield (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2016).
    • Ron E. Hassner, War on Sacred Grounds (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009).
  • 28. From Kyoto to Baghdad to Tehran: Leadership, Law, and the Protection of Cultural Heritage Go to essay Go to essay
    • Joseph H. Felter and Jacob N. Shapiro, “Limiting Civilian Casualties as Part of a Winning Strategy: The Case of Courageous Restraint,” Daedalus 146, no. 1 (2017): 44–58, https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00421.
    • Patty Gerstenblith, “From Bamiyan to Baghdad: Warfare and the Preservation of Cultural Heritage at the Beginning of the 21st Century,” Georgetown Journal of International Law 37, no. 2 (2006): 245–351.
    • Katherine E. McKinney, Scott D. Sagan, and Allen S. Weiner, “Why the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima Would Be Illegal Today,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 76, no. 4 (2020): 157–65.
    • Wayne Sandholtz, Prohibiting Plunder: How Norms Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
    • Laura Ford Savarese and John Fabian Witt, “Strategy & Entailments: The Enduring Role of Law in the U.S. Armed Forces,” Daedalus 146, no. 1 (2017): 11–23.
  • 29. Practicing the Art of War While Protecting Cultural Heritage: A Military Perspective Go to essay Go to essay
    • Michael D. Danti, “Ground-Based Observations of Cultural Heritage Incidents in Syria and Iraq,” Near Eastern Archaeology 78, no. 3 (2015): 132–41.
    • Jose Antonio González Zarandona, César Albarrán-Torres, and Benjamin Isakhan, “Digitally Mediated Iconoclasm: The Islamic State and the War on Cultural Heritage,” International Journal of Heritage Studies 24, no. 6 (2018): 649–71.
    • Jeffrey A. Jacobs, “Integrate Civil Affairs into Institutional Army,” Army 66, no. 4 (2016): 20–22.
    • Joris D. Kila and Christopher V. Herndon, “Military Involvement in Cultural Property Protection: An Overview,” Joint Forces Quarterly 74, no. 3 (2014): 116–23.
    • Christina M. Knopf and Eric J. Ziegelmayer, “Fourth Generation Warfare and the US Military’s Social Media Strategy: Promoting the Academic Conversation,” Air and Space Power Journal—Africa & Francophonie 3, no. 4 (2012): 3–22.
    • Laurie W. Rush and Amanda Hemmingsen, “Partner of Choice: Cultural Property Protection in Military Engagement,” Military Review 98, no. 6 (2018): 103–19.
    • Leedjia Svec, “Cultural Heritage Training in the US Military,” SpringerPlus 3, no. 126 (2014): 1–10.
  • 30. Peace Operations and the Protection of Cultural Heritage Go to essay Go to essay
    • International Crisis Group, Collapse in Kosovo (Brussels: International Crisis Group, April 2004).
    • Carlos Jaramillo, “Famagusta, Cyprus: Cultural Heritage and the Center of Political and Cultural Contestation,” in Cultural Contestation, ed. Jeroen Rodenberg and Pieter Wagenaar (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
    • Mathilde Leloup, “Heritage Protection as Stabilisation, the Emergence of a New ‘Mandated Task’ for UN Peace Operations,” International Peacekeeping 26, no. 4 (2019): 408–30.
    • Frederik Rosén, NATO and Cultural Property: Embracing New Challenges in the Era of Identity Wars (Copenhagen: Nordic Center for Cultural Heritage & Armed Conflict, CHAC, 2017).
    • John M. Russell, “Efforts to Protect Archaeological Sites and Monuments in Iraq, 2003–2004,” in Catastrophe! The Looting and Destruction of Iraq’s Past, ed. Geoff Emberling and Katharyn Hanson (Chicago: Oriental Institute Museum of the University of Chicago, 2008).
  • 31. Protecting Cultural Property in Armed Conflict: The Necessity for Dialogue and Action Integrating the Heritage, Military, and Humanitarian Sectors Go to essay Go to essay
    • Robert Bevan, The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War (London: Reaktion Books, 2006).
    • Emma Cunliffe, Paul Fox, and Peter G. Stone, The Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict: Unnecessary Distraction or Mission-Relevant Priority? (Brussels: NATO, July 2018), NATO OPEN Publications vol. 2, no. 4, https://www.act.nato.int/images/stories/media/doclibrary/open201804-cultural-property.pdf.
    • Geneva Call, Culture under Fire: Armed Non-state Actors and Cultural Heritage in War (Geneva: Geneva Call, 2018).
    • Roger O’Keefe, The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
    • RASHID International, Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa (EAMENA), and Yazda, Destroying the Soul of the Yazidis: Cultural Heritage Destruction during the Islamic State’s Genocide against the Yazidis (Munich: RASHID International, August 2019), https://www.yazda.org/post/new-report-cultural-heritage-destruction-during-the-islamic-state-s-genocide-against-the-yazidis.
    • Laurie Rush, Archaeology, Cultural Property, and the Military (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer, 2010).
    • Peter G. Stone and Joanne Farchakh Bajjaly, eds., The Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Iraq (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer, 2008).
  • 32. When Peace Breaks Out: The Peril and Promise of “Afterwar” Go to essay Go to essay
    • Robert Bevan, The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War, 2nd ed. (London: Reaktion Books, 2016).
    • Charlie English, The Storied City: The Quest for Timbuktu and the Fantastic Mission to Save Its Past (New York: Riverhead, 2017).
    • Ron E. Hassner, War on Sacred Grounds (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009).
    • Andrew Herscher, Violence Taking Place: The Architecture of the Kosovo Conflict (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010).
    • Lynn Meskell, A Future in Ruins: UNESCO, World Heritage, and the Dream of Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).