DEFINITION
Information about artists, architects, and other individuals
and corporate bodies responsible for the design and production
of works of art and architecture. This authority may also
contain information about patrons, repositories, and other
people or corporate bodies important to the record for the
work.
SUBCATEGORIES
GENERAL DISCUSSION
This authority includes records for single individuals (persons)
or groups of people working together (corporate bodies).
Creators
In the context of the CDWA, an artist is any person or group
of persons who creates art. The definition hinges upon the
sometimes nebulous, often controversial, constantly changing
definition of art. Artists represent creators who have been
involved in the design or production of the visual arts that
are of the type collected by art museums. Note that these
are works of visual art of the type collected by art museums.
The objects themselves may actually be held by an ethnographic,
anthropological, or other museum, or owned by a private collector.
A creator of architecture may be included if he or she was
involved in the design or creation of structures or parts
of structures that were made by human beings. Generally, it
refers only to structures that are large enough for human
beings to enter, are of practical use, and are relatively
stable and permanent. It is often limited to the built environment
that is typically classified as fine art, meaning it is generally
considered to have aesthetic value, was designed by an architect,
and constructed with skilled labor.
In addition to creators, this authority may also include
records for museums and other repositories of art. Art academies,
merchants, rulers, manufacturers, and patrons may be included.
Persons depicted in works may also be included for local use.[1]
People
In the CDWA, people are individuals whose biographies are
well known (e.g., Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch painter and
printmaker, 1606-1669)) as well as anonymous creators
with identified oeuvres but whose names are unknown and whose
biography is surmised (e.g., Master of Alkmaar (North Netherlandish
painter, active ca. 1490-ca. 1510)). This Authority is
limited to real, historical persons. Fictional persons are
recorded in the SUBJECT AUTHORITY.
Corporate Bodies
Corporate bodies must be organized, identifiable groups of
individuals working together in a particular place and within
a defined period of time. In the CDWA, a corporate body may
be a legally incorporated entity, such as a modern architectural
firm (e.g., Adler and Sullivan). However, it need not
necessarily be legally incorporated; for example, a 16th-century
sculptors' studio or family of artists may be recorded as
a corporate body (e.g., della Robbia family). A workshop
may be included in this authority if the workshop itself is
a distinct personality collectively responsible for the creation
of art (for example, the 13th-century group of French illuminators,
Soissons Atelier). Museums and most other repositories
are also corporate bodies. Certain events, such as conferences,
are typically treated as corporate bodies and recorded in
this authority; record historical events in the SUBJECT AUTHORITY.
Anonymous creators
If the hand of a creator has been identified, but his name
is unknown, it is common to create an identity for the creator
by devising an appellation (e.g., Lippi-Pesellino Follower,
or Master of the Morgan Leaf [2])
and recording his deduced locus of activity and approximate
dates of activity. By establishing an identity for him, all
works by this anonymous individual may be associated with
that identity and to each other. For example, many paintings
have been attributed to a person who worked in Florence, Italy,
in the late 14th and early 15th centuries; he seems to have
been influenced by the painter Orcagna. However, no one has
yet been able to ascertain his name, so he is called the Master
of St. Verdiana [3]
[Figure
28] after a saint in an altarpiece by his hand, the Santa
Verdiana Triptych.
Unknown creators
In the CDWA, unknown creators are unidentified artistic
personalities with unestablished oeuvres, referred to by designations
such as Florentine or unknown 16th-century Florentine.
Unidentified artistic personalities may be recorded
in this authority. If the identity of a hand is not established,
a generic identification is often devised for an object record
(for example, unknown Florentine, 16th century or unknown
Maya). In this case, the generic identification does not
refer to one identified, if anonymous, individual; but instead
the same heading refers to any of hundreds of anonymous, unidentified
artistic personalities. It may be necessary to add this designation
to the authority in order to control terminology and link
all unattributed works by unknown artists that fit this description.
Cataloging rules
This category contains an overview of guidelines for cataloging
person and corporate body authority information. A full set
of cataloging rules may be found in the online Union List
of Artist Names: Editorial Guidelines, as well
as a more comprehensive list of subcategories/fields.
[4]
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Prefer the most authoritative, up-to-date sources available,
which may include the following, arranged according to preference:
Standard general reference sources
ULAN, Grove, Thieme-Becker,
Bénézit
LC Name Authority Headings
text books such as Gardner,
Janson
general biographical dictionaries
Other authoritative sources
repository publications, including
catalogues and official Web sites
general encyclopedia and dictionaries
authoritative Web sites other
than museum sites (e.g., university sites)
Other acceptable sources
inscriptions on art objects,
coins, or other artifacts
journal articles, newspaper
articles
archives, historical documents,
and other original sources
authority records of the cataloging
institution's databases
Standard general sources include the following, arranged
in order of preference:
- Getty Vocabulary Program. Union List of Artist
Names (ULAN). Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Trust, Vocabulary
Program, 1988-. www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/ulan/.
- Library of Congress Authorities. [LCNAF, LC Name
Authorities] Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2002.
http://authorities.loc.gov/
- Grove Dictionary of Art (online edition). Jane
Turner, ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Ltd., 1999-2002.
http://www.groveart.com (3 December 1999).
- Thieme, Ulrich and Felix Becker, eds. Allgemeines Lexikon
der bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart.
Reprint of 1907 edition. 37 vols. Leipzig: Veb E.A. Seemann
Verlag, 1980-1986.
- Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon: die bildenden Künstler
aller Zeiten und Völker. Günter Meissner,
ed. Munich: Saur, 1992- (series is partially finished).
- Bénézit, Emmanuel, ed. Dictionnaire critique
et documentaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et
Graveurs. Originally published 1911-1923. Paris: Librairie
Gründ, 1976.
- Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects. Adolf K.
Placzek, ed. New York: Free Press; London: Collier Macmillan,
1982.
- Official Museum Directory. Washington, DC: American
Association of Museums, 2004.
RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS
This authority may be used to control terminology in many
subcategories of the work record (including in the CREATION
and SUBJECT categories) and in the other authorities. The
names for the artist and biographical information are used
for retrieval of the work records. Names should be accessible
by keywords and Boolean operators. [5]
Hierarchical relationships
If possible, this authority should be compliant with ISO and
NISO standards for thesauri; it should be structured as a
hierarchical, relational database. Corporate bodies may have
hierarchical administrative structures. For example, works
may be created by Feature Animation , which is a part
of Disney Studios, which in turn is part of The
Walt Disney Company.
Associative relationships
Persons or corporate bodies may have "associative relationships,"
meaning they are related non-hierarchically to other people
or corporate bodies. Corporate bodies may be related to single
individuals, as a workshop or architectural firm should be
related to its members. Corporate bodies may be related to
other corporate bodies, such as when the architectural firm
Adler and Sullivan succeeded Dankmar Adler and Company. Likewise,
single individuals may be related to other single individuals,
as a master is related to a student, or a father is related
to a daughter. All such relationships should be accommodated
in this authority.
For an explanation and discussion of thesauri, hierarchical
relationships, associative relationships, preferred terms,
"descriptors," and other issues regarding terminology, see
Introduction
to Controlled Vocabularies.
28.1. Person Authority Record
Type
DEFINITION
A term distinguishing records for persons from those for
corporate bodies, which are groups of people, not necessarily
legally incorporated.
EXAMPLES
person
corporate body
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: It is optional, but highly recommended,
to record a term indicating if the record represents a person
or a corporate body. Use lower case.
If the record represents a single individual, flag it as
a person. If it represents a group of two or more people
working together (whether or not they are legally incorporated),
label it corporate body.
If necessary, you may further organize the records by including
facets and guide terms.A guide term (also called
a node label) is a level used to organize the hierarchy into
logical segments. For example, you may use guide terms are
used to separate artists from non-artists. A facet is an even
broader division of the hierarchy, generally appearing directly
under the root of the hierarchy.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Control this subcategory with
a list, including the terms person, corporate body, facet,
and guide term. Other terms may also be used if necessary.
28.2. Person/Corporate Body Name
DEFINITION
Proper names, appellations, pseudonyms, nicknames, or other
identifying phrases by which an individual, group of people,
or corporate body is known.
EXAMPLES
Wren, Christopher
Giambologna
Kalf, Willem [Figure
21]
Burgkmair, Hans the Elder
Méraud, Pierre-Antoine, père [Figure
1]
Bartolo di Fredi
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Kicking Bear
Pontormo [Figure
8]
Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn
Katsushika Hokusai
Kicking Bear
Limbourg Brothers
Gilbert & George
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Talman, William, Office
McKim, Mead and White
Feature Animation, Disney Studios, The Walt Disney
Company
Associated American Artists
Master of the Dido Panels
Hand G
Achilles Painter
Borden Limner
unknown Maya
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Required: It is required to record at least
one name - the preferred name, which is the name used most
often in scholarly literature to refer to the person or corporate
body. Record any other proper names, appellations, pseudonyms,
nicknames, or other identifying phrases used in published
sources to identify the person or corporate body.
Preferred name
For the preferred name, chose the one most often used in
scholarly literature and authoritative reference books in
the language of the catalog record (English in the United
States). Consult the sources listed above to determine which
name is used most often; if the sources disagree, choose the
source listed first in the order of preference above.
If the name is not in these sources, construct a preferred
name based on the rules in the Union List of Artist Names:
Editorial Guidelines: Chapter 3.3: Names or the Anglo
American Cataloguing Rules.
Variant names
Include alternate and variant names that appear in published
sources and represent significant differences in form or spelling,
fullness, diacritics, punctuation, name inversions, various
languages, appellations, and alternate names, including maiden
names, pseudonyms, or nicknames, official names, abbreviations,
and other cases as discussed below.
All names referring to the same individual or group should
be recorded in subsequent occurrences of this subcategory.
For example, all the names in the following list refer to
the same artist: Honthorst, Gerrit van; Gerardo delle Notti;
Gherardo della Notte; Gherardo Fiammingo; Honthorst, Gerard
van; and Monsù Giraud della notte.
Form and syntax: Inverted and natural order names
Names may be in natural order (e.g., Christopher Wren,
used for display) or in inverted order (e.g., Wren, Christopher,
used for indexing). Record the preferred name in both natural
and inverted order, if appropriate. See the exceptions for
early names, non-Western names, pseudonyms, and corporate
body names below. For these exceptions, use the indexing names
in authoritative sources to determine whether or not the name
should be inverted.
For the inverted order form of the name, record the name in
the following order: last
name, comma, first name, followed by middle names or initials
and title, if any.
For the natural order form of the name, record the name in
the following order: first name, middle names or initials
(if applicable), and last name. If there is a title, separate
it from the name with a comma. For the Elder or the
Younger, do not use a comma. For Jr. or Sr.,
use a comma.
Consult AACR2 [6]
for general inversion guidelines regarding names in various
languages.
Ancient and non-Western names
For Western persons dating from the 16th century and before,
do not invert the preferred name if it is not inverted in
authoritative sources (e.g., Leonardo da Vinci). These
names may not have a "last" name, and thus should
not be inverted. These appellations are often a combination
of a given name plus a patronymic, place name, or other descriptive
phrase (e.g., Bartolo di Fredi ["son of Fredi"] or
Jean de Luxembourg ["from Luxembourg"]). You may include
an inverted version of the name as an alternate name. These
same rules may occasionally apply to artists living after
the 16th century as well.
For non-Western persons, do not invert the preferred name
if it is not inverted in authoritative sources (e.g., Mato
Wanartaka or Hsia Ch’ang). Note that the natural
order name for non-Western artists may already list the "last"
name first, or the name may be otherwise inappropriate for
inversion .
Pseudonyms and nicknames
Include pseudonyms and nicknames if found in standard sources
(e.g., El Greco for the artist Theotokopolous, Domenikos).
Pseudonyms and nicknames may not be appropriate for inversion
(e.g., Le Corbusier or Man Ray). Constructed
names, as for anonymous artists, are often inappropriate for
inversion (e.g., Borden Limner, Monogrammist ADL, or
Master of the Visitation).If a pseudonym or nickname
is the preferred name, do not invert the preferred name if
it is not inverted in authoritative sources.
Initials and abbreviations
Use periods with initials; include a space between multiple
initials. However, there may be exceptions for initials that
are part of an official name of a corporate body (e.g., the
acronym MoMA). Make such acronyms a variant name, not
the preferred name. In general, avoid abbreviations in the
preferred name, unless the official, commonly used name contains
initials or abbreviations. However, include commonly used
abbreviations and initials among the variant names (Skidmore,
Owings and Merrill and SOM). Put the abbreviation
and a corresponding full name in separate name fields; do
not append the abbreviated name in parentheses after the preferred
name.
Articles and prepositions
For the preferred name, if a name includes an article or preposition
used as a prefix (e.g. de, des, le, la, l', della, van,
von, von der), generally use lower case (e.g., Loo,
Abraham Louis van). Exception: If the inverted form of
the name is indexed with the prefix as the first word, generally
capitalize the prefix (e.g., Le Gros, Jean).
Translations and transliterations
Include translations, and variant transliterations (e.g.,
Shishkin, Ivan and Chichkin, Ivan and Schischkin,
Iwan).
For a language that is not written in the Roman alphabet,
the name may have to be transliterated. There may be multiple
methods of transliteration. For the preferred vernacular name,
it is advised to use a transliteration derived by applying
ISO standards. [7]
However, it is often necessary to choose between variant transliterations
without knowing which transliteration method was employed.
In such cases, the preferred name should be the transliteration
as found in the most authoritative of available possible sources.
Variant languages
If there are commonly used variants in various languages,
include them as alternate names (e.g., Kicking Bear and
Mato Wanartaka; Giambologna, Giovanni da Bologna
[both Italian] and Jean de Boulogne [French] [Figure
23]).
Fullness of the name
Include significant differences in the fullness of the name
(e.g., Meier, Richard and Meier, Richard Alan;
Katsushika Hokusai and Hokusai). The preferred
name should not necessarily be the fullest name, but rather
the most commonly used name in authoritative sources and scholarly
literature.
Junior and Senior
Include designations that distinguish two or more members
of the same family bearing the same name (e.g., Breughel,
Pieter, the Elder or Hartray, John F., Jr.). For
the preferred name, use the English version of the name (e.g.,
with "the Elder"), but include variants in other
languages as appropriate (e.g., Breughel, Pieter, der ältere).
Do not use Roman numeral designations with the preferred name
unless 1) there are more than two family members with the
same name, or 2) there is not a father/son relationship (e.g.,
if a nephew and his uncle have the same name). In other cases,
use the elder/the younger (or Jr./Sr.) for the
preferred name, and record published names with Roman numerals
as variant names.
Honorifics and titles
Include honorifics and titles, as appropriate (e.g., Rubens,
Sir Peter Paul for the artist Rubens, Peter Paul)
For the preferred name, use the name most commonly used in
standard sources (which may omit the title).
Name changes
Include former names and name changes as variants. If a person's
name has changed over time, include the former names. Examples
include legal name changes (e.g., a married name, such as
Alma-Tadema, Laura Theresa and Epps, Laura Theresa)
and any other instance of former appellations. The preferred
name should be the one most often found in authoritative sources.
For creators whose identity has changed over time through
scholarship, if it is well established that both names refer
to the same person, include their previous appellations as
alternate names (Robert Campin is the formerly anonymous
Master of Flémalle).
Anonymous and unknown persons
For anonymous creators (for whom a name is unknown but the
oeuvre is identified) use an appellation provided by an authoritative
source or devised by scholars (e.g., Hand G, Achilles Painter,
Borden Limner, or Master of the Munich Adoration).
In the context of this manual, an "anonymous creator"
is defined as a creator whose hand is identified and oeuvre
is established, but whose name is not known . Generally, do
not invert appellations for anonymous creators. Where the
appellation is built around a descriptive phrase such as
Master, Monogrammist, Painter, etc., for the preferred
name use the English name (e.g., Master of the Cespo di
Garofano is preferred in an English catalog, not Maestro
del Cespo di Garofano). If it is possible but not established
that the anonymous hand may be identified with a named creator,
do not record the additional names together in the same record.
Make separate records for each personality and link them through
RELATED PERSON/CORPORATE BODY.
For unknown creators (whose oeuvres are not identified) create
appellations for unknown generic groups to which works with
unknown attributions may be linked. Make a generic appellation
that includes the word "unknown" and the culture
or nationality (e.g., unknown Maya). Alternatively,
include broad dates (e.g., unknown 18th-century French).
Corporate bodies
Generally include the former names as historical names in
one record rather than making two records 1) if the corporate
body is a historical studio or institution (e.g., Manufacture
Royale des Gobelins and Manufacture Nationale des Gobelins
are two names in the same record), or 2) if the primary partners
have remained the same for a modern firm.
Generally make two separate records 1) if the function or
location of the historical corporate body changed with the
name change, or 2) if the question involves a modern firm
and legal incorporation, the primary partners have changed,
and the firm apparently prefers to clearly distinguish its
separate incarnations. Link the related corporate bodies (see
Related Persons and Corporate Bodies).
For corporate bodies, do not invert the preferred name. Use
abbreviations (e.g., ampersand or initials), if found in authoritative
sources (e.g., Adler and Sullivan, but an asterisk
in Eero Saarinen & Associates).
English or the vernacular language
For the preferred name for English-language records, use the
commonly used English name if warranted by authoritative sources
(Raphael in English, Raffaelo in Italian; National
Museum in English, Národní Muzeum in
Czech). If an English name does not exist or is not warranted
by sources, use the vernacular name as the preferred name.
Use diacritics as appropriate.
Personal names: Note that most non-English-language
personal names do not have an English equivalent (use authorized
sources; do not invent English translations of names where
none is found in the sources).
Corporate body names: Note that most major institutions
in non-English-speaking places have an English equivalent
for their name. If the English name appears in an authoritative
source, including catalogs and Web sites published by the
institution itself, use the English name as the preferred
name. If you cannot find an English name in an authoritative
source, do not invent an English translation; use the vernacular
name.
Guide term and facet names
If you use guide terms, create a descriptive phrase. Use lower
case, unless the phrase contains a proper name. For facet
names, capitalize the name for the sake of clarity in the
hierarchical display.
Additional rules
More extensive rules for constructing and formatting personal
and corporate body names are found in the Union List of
Artist Names: Editorial Guidelines: Chapter 3.3: Names.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free text: This subcategory is free text. The
names may be populated by using published sources, including
ULAN, LC Name Authorities, Canadiana Authorities, and Yale
British Artists.
28.2.1. Preference
DEFINITION
An indication of whether the name is the preferred name for
the person or corporate body; the preferred name is generally
the indexing form of the name that is most commonly found
in scholarly literature.
EXAMPLES
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record an indication of which name
is preferred for this person or corporate body. The preferred
name is the indexing form of the name that is most commonly
found in standard authoritative published sources in the language
of the catalog record. Use lower case.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Use the terms preferred, variant,
and others as necessary.
28.2.2. Name
Type
DEFINITION
An indication of the type of name, to be used if the authority
is intended to be compliant with standards for thesaurus construction.
EXAMPLES
descriptor
alternate descriptor
used for term
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a term indicating the type
of name. This subcategory is intended for use by those who
wish the authority to be compliant with national and international
standards for thesaurus construction. Use lower case. For
a discussion of the meanings of these terms, see the GENERAL
CONCEPT AUTHORITY.
TERMINOLOGY/ACCESS
Controlled list: Use the terms in the Examples
above, and others as described in the GENERAL CONCEPT AUTHORITY.
27.2.3. Name
Qualifier
DEFINITION
Word or phrase used as necessary to provide clarification
or disambiguation.
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: It is rare that a qualifer would
be necessary with the name of a person or corporate body.
The Display Biography is typically used in the label to disambiguate
homographs.
However, it may be necessary to add a qualifier in very rare
cases. For example, if a modern artist assumes a generic or
ambiguous appellation that is confusing or unintelligible
to end-users. The artist Masakatu Iwamoto calls himself "Mr."
Given that Mr. is a title and thus displaying that
"name" alone without qualification would be confusing
to end-users, the variant full name may be used as a qualifier
for Mr. Use the Other Name Flags subcategory to flag
the pseudonym and the birth name in the record.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: This subcategory is free text. Be
consistent where possible.
28.2.4. Name Language
DEFINITION
An indication of the language of the name, particularly when
the name is in a language other than the language of the catalog
record.
EXAMPLES
English
Italian
Chinese (transliterated Pinyin)
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the language of the name,
if known from authoritative sources. Capitalize the names
of languages.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Control this subcategory with
a controlled list. Values may be derived from a source such
as Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 14th edition.
Barbara F. Grimes, ed. Dallas, Texas: SIL International, 2000.
The ISO-639 standard may be used for language codes; however,
if ISO codes are used, values must be translated into legible
form for end-users.
28.2.5. Historical
Flag
DEFINITION
Flag indicating the historical status of the name.
EXAMPLES
current
historical
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record an indication if the name
is current or historical. Use lower case.
Use primarily for corporate bodies whose names have changed.
It is generally not necessary to distinguish current and historical
names for individuals.
Note that this flag records the historical status of a particular
name only, not of the person or corporate body represented
in the record.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Use a controlled list with
terms current, historical, and others if necessary.
28.2.6. Display
Name Flag
DEFINITION
Flag designating whether or not the name is to be used in
natural order displays or in an alphabetical list.
EXAMPLES
index
display
not applicable
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: If the name is the natural order
form of the preferred name to be used in wall labels and other
displays, flag it as display (e.g., Christopher Wren)..
If the name is the inverted form that should appear in alphabetical
lists and indexes, flag it as index (e.g., Wren,
Christopher). There may be only one display name and one
index name per record.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Use a controlled list with
terms index, display, not applicable,
and others if necessary.
28.2.7. Other
Name Flags
DEFINITION
Flags designating an official name, pseudonym, and other
special name designations for the person or corporate body.
EXAMPLES
official name
pseudonym
birth name
not applicable
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record an indication of the special
status of the name, as necessary. Use lower case.
The official name is generally an inverted full form of the
name, including titles. For the official names of people,
use standard, general encyclopedias. For the official names
of corporate bodies, use the Web site or other official publication
of the corporate body, if possible. Official name is
generally used for the long version of the name, including
titles (e.g., Baron, as in Theodor Caspar, Baron
von Furstenberg) for a person or the long version of a
corporate body's name.
Use the pseudonym flag for a nickname or pseudonym,
such as Masaccio or Le Corbusier.
Use the birth name flag only when an artist has changed
his or her name, to indicate the name given at birth, a maiden
name, or other name by which the artist was originally known
(e.g., Jeanneret, Charles Édouard is the birth
name for the artist Le Corbusier).
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Use a controlled list with
terms official name, pseudonym, birth name,
not applicable, and others if necessary.
28.2.8. Name
Source
DEFINITION
A reference to a bibliographic source or unpublished document
that provides the warrant for a particular name.
EXAMPLES
- Bénézit Dictionary of Artists: English
Edition (2006)
- Grove Dictionary of Art (1996)
- Thieme-Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der Kunstler (1980-1986)
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Required: Record the source(s) used for the
name. In order to be a source, the name should have been translated
precisely, retaining the diacritics, capitalization, and punctuation
of the source.
For a full set of rules, see RELATED TEXTUAL REFERENCES
- CITATIONS.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Authority: Ideally, this information is controlled
by citations in the citations authority; see RELATED TEXTUAL
REFERENCES.
RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS
Sources may also be recorded for PERSON/CORPORATE BODY AUTHORITY
- DESCRIPTIVE NOTE and for the authority record in general
in PERSON/CORPORATE BODY AUTHORITY - CITATIONS.
28.2.8.1. Page
DEFINITION
Page number, volume, date accessed for Web sites, and any
other information indicating where in the source the name
was found.
EXAMPLES
54
23 ff.
7:128
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: For a full set of rules for PAGE,
see RELATED TEXTUAL REFERENCES - CITATIONS - PAGE.
FORMAT/TERMINOLOGY
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Use consistent syntax and format.
28.2.9. Name
Date
DEFINITION
A description of the date or range of dates when a particular
name was in use for the person or corporate body; to be used
only when significant, not to simply record the dates of use
of a name given at birth.
EXAMPLES
- after 1765
- late 1st century BCE
- until 1986
- Crabeth's 'bent-name' given by the Schildersbent
- name used in some documents during his lifetime
- knighted in 1629
- pseudonym adopted in 1920
- married name, from 1903
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the dates or date range when
a name was used. Include references to uncertainty or ambiguity
as necessary.
Note that this field records the date of a particular name
only, not of the person or corporate body represented in the
record.
Enter dates for person's or corporate body's names only when
the date is significant. If it is simply the name that an
artist had for his or her entire life, do not include the
date. Examples of significant dates for names include the
following:
For nicknames or pseudonyms, include dates for the appellation
by which an artist was known during a portion of his or
her life.
For married names, include dates for the period of the
marriage. Dates may also be included for any other legal
name changes made by the artist.
For corporate bodies that have changed their names over
time, include dates during which a particular name was used.
Form and syntax
In the free-text NAME DATE field, record a phrase referring
to a year, a span of years, or period that describes the specific
or approximate date in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. Index
this free-text date with EARLIEST and LATEST DATES delimiting
the appropriate span. If the name is still in use to refer
to this person, the end date should be "9999"
(not the death date of the person). The NAME DATE may contain
a note that does not refer to a date per se, but it must still
be indexed with EARLIEST and LATEST DATES.
Follow other rules for display dates in CREATION - CREATION
DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free-text: This is not a controlled field.
Maintain consistent capitalization, punctuation, and syntax
where possible. Index the dates in the controlled EARLIEST
and LATEST DATE subcategories.
28.2.9.1. Earliest
Date
DEFINITION
The earliest date on which a particular name was used.
EXAMPLES
1877
1670
1950
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the earliest year indicated
by or implied in the display NAME DATE.
Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in
the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record EARLIEST
DATE; however, if you record a value here, you must also record
LATEST DATE. Follow rules for dates in CREATION - CREATION
DATE - EARLIEST DATE.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
28.2.9.2
Latest Date
DEFINITION
The latest date on which a particular name was used, which
is generally not the same as the death date for a person or
date of dissolution of a corporate body.
EXAMPLES
1901
1675
9999
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the lastest year indicated
by or implied in the display NAME DATE.
Always record years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar in
the indexing dates fields. It is optional to record EARLIEST
DATE; however, if you record a value here, you must also record
EARLIEST DATE. Follow rules for dates in CREATION - CREATION
DATE - LATEST DATE.
Note that this is they last year when the name was used,
which is generally "9999", not the death date of
the person or date of dissolution of the corporate body.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
28.3. Display
Biography
DEFINITION
A description of the the individual's or corporate body's
nationality, professional roles, and dates.
EXAMPLES
- English architect, 1632-1723
- Japanese printmaker and painter, 1760-1849
- Sienese painter, active by 1353, died 1410 (1409 Sienese
Style)
- American art museum, established in 1937
- French architectural studio, established in first quarter
of 20th century
- Kenyan craftsman, ca. 1865-ca. 1905
- Maya vase painter, 17th century
- Egyptian carver, reign of King Narmer (reigned from ca.
3150 BCE )
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Required: Record a concise statement designating
the biographical details of the person or corporate body,
to be used in displays with the preferred name. Express nuance
and uncertainty as necessary.
Form and syntax
List information in the following order for a person: nationality,
life role(s), comma, birth and death dates. For a corporate
body, list analogous information in the same order: national
affiliation, term indicating function, and dates of establishment
and dissolution. In a span of dates, list birth date (start
date), dash, death date (end date). Include all digits for
both years in a span (e.g., 1831-1890, not 1831-90).
Do not use an apostrophe (e.g., 1350s or 1900s,
not 1350's or 1900's). If ca. applies to both
years in a date span, repeat it with the second year for clarity
(e.g., ca. 1720-ca. 1785).
If "probably" or other indications of uncertainty
are included, change the order and syntax as necessary for
clarity (e.g., sculptor, probably Polynesian, 19th century).
Capitalize nationality, culture, place names, period names,
or other proper nouns. Use lower case for all other words.
Avoid abbreviations, except the word circa (ca.), the
numbers in century or dynasty designations (e.g., 17th
century), and BCE and CE.
Nationality vs. place of activity
Generally, list the national affiliation of the artist or
corporate body. This should be the adjectival form of a current
or historical nation (e.g., Belgian for a modern artist,
Flemish for a medieval artist from the same region).
Generally, do not list the cities of birth and death, or the
locations of corporate bodies, unless they are significant
or unusually important (these are indexed in separate fields,
but not recorded here).
Include place of activity if nationality is unknown or if
place of activity is different than nationality. Use natural
word order (e.g., Mexican mosaicist, active ca. 1820-ca.
1840 or British publishing house, 19th century, active
primarily in India).
Display dates
List dates as years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar, which
is the calendar produced by extending the Gregorian calendar
to dates preceding its official introduction. If another calendar
is referenced, also include the date in the Gregorian calendar
(e.g., Persian weaver, died 946 anno Hegirae (1540 CE)).
Use BCE (Before Current Era) and CE (Current
Era) if the year alone would be confusing or ambiguous to
the end user (e.g., Roman emperor and patron, 63 BCE-14
CE). Avoid using BC and AD.
Uncertainty
Avoid phrasing the text in a way that can be confusing or
ambiguous. Clearly indicate uncertain or ambiguous information,
including approximate dates, by using ca. (circa) and
qualifiers such as probably (e.g., Attic vase painters,
active ca. 585-ca. 570 BCE). The availability of dates
often depends upon the type of record keeping emphasized during
different historical periods. For example, the dates of ceremonies
surrounding baptism or burial may be recorded in early European
church documents, though the actual dates of birth and death
are not. Dates of activity may be defined by archival records
of an artist's guild registration or earliest documented commission.
Care should be taken to explain the context of such dates
unambiguously (e.g., for François Mansart, baptized
23 January 1598, died 23 October 1666). If the date is
expressed according to systems other than the Gregorian calendar,
this fact should be explained unambiguously (e.g., for Bartolo
di Fredi, born ca. 1330-buried 26 January 1410 [1409 in
Sienese calendar] ).
If only either the birth/start date or death/end date is
known, or for living artists or extant corporate bodies for
whom death/end date is not applicable, clearly indicate the
meaning of the single date known by using born or
died for persons (e.g., African sculptor, died 1978
or Japanese photographer, born 1963), or other
terms appropriate to corporate bodies (e.g., Canadian architectural
firm, established 1931).
If necessary, dates may be expressed in terms of the century
or period during which the person lived or the corporate body
existed (e.g., Croatian scribe, 12th century or Chinese
sculptor, Han dynasty or Central American textile maker,
pre-Columbian). Alternatively, when the lifespan is unknown,
the dates of activity are used to describe the period during
which the person or group of individuals worked (e.g., flourished
second half 9th century. or active ca. 1210-1260).
Anonymous persons
For an anonymous person, or for any other person or corporate
body where biographical information is unknown or incomplete,
record the deduced nationality or locus of activity and approximate
dates of activity (e.g., Italian painter, active 1330s-1340s
or sculptor, probably Spanish, active 18th century in California).
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Free text: This subcategory is free text, but
consistent use of syntax and punctuation is highly recommended.
RELATED CATEGORIES and ACCESS
The DISPLAY BIOGRAPHY will be used with the preferred NAME
to create a LABEL/IDENTIFICATION for the person or corporate
body in displays.
Use controlled fields to index important biographical information,
including nationality, life roles, and birth and death dates
for persons. Index the analogous elements for corporate bodies.
28.4. Birth Date
DEFINITION
The date when the person was born, or when a corporate body
came into existence. If only the date of first activity is
known, or if the date of birth is uncertain or approximate,
this is the earliest possible or estimated year when the artist
was born or the corporate body came into existence.
EXAMPLES
1632
1330
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Required: Record the earliest possible year
when the person was born or when a corporate body was established
or came into existence.
Format and syntax
Record the year of birth and death (or of founding and dissolution)
using the proleptic Gregorian calendar.
[8] For indexing dates BCE, use
negative numbers. Use four digits for most years. If possible,
for years that require fewer than four digits, follow the
ISO and W3 standards, which suggest inserting leading zeroes
(e.g., 0350).
For BIRTH DATE and DEATH DATE for retrieval, estimate years
by adding or subtracting years for expressions such as ca.
or possibly. If only dates of activity are known, or
if the dates of birth or death are uncertain or approximate,
record BIRTH and DEATH DATES that are the earliest and latest
possible delimiters of lifespan of a person or of the existence
of a corporate body. Estimations are appropriate because these
dates are controlled for search-and-retrieval, and should
not be displayed to the end user.
For uncertain dates of birth, estimate the year broadly using
available information about the artist or his oeuvre
or other available data. Conventions may be established, for
example, a display date of ca. 1550 may be indexed
by subtracting five years for retrieval in BIRTH DATE. A broad
estimated life-span of 100 or 120 years could be used in estimating
BIRTH DATE and DEATH DATE (e.g., if only the death date of
1716 is known, the BIRTH DATE could be indexed as 1616).
Conventions used to describe approximate dates vary between
fields of study, and often between different experts within
a single field. For example, ca. 1500 could express
a 10-year span span to an expert in Renaissance art, while
ca. 3000 BCE could express a much broader span to an
expert in Archaic Egyptian art.
For ca., estimate BIRTH DATE and DEATH DATE by adding
or subtracting ten years (or more or fewer years, as appropriate,
based on your source). For example, if the display biography
states born ca. 1620 or established ca. 1620,
the BIRTH DATE and DEATH DATE could be estimated by subtracting
ten years, 1610). If no better information is available,
estimate the greatest likely life span as 100 or 120 years
for the life of a person (e.g., if only the death date is
known, for the DISPLAY BIOGRAPHY: American illustrator,
died 1896, BIRTH DATE: 1796, DEATH DATE: 1896),
or as the beginning and end dates of centuries.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
28.5. Death Date
DEFINITION
The date when the person died, or when a corporate body ceased
to exist. If only the date of last activity is known, or if
the date of death is uncertain or approximate, this is the
latest possible or estimated year when the artist died or
the corporate body ceased to exist.
EXAMPLES
1723
1410
DISCUSSION
Required: Record the earliest possible year
when the person died or when the corporate body was dissolved.
Format and syntax
Record the year of birth and death (or of founding and dissolution)
using the proleptic Gregorian calendar. See the rules at BIRTH
DATE above.
BIRTH DATE and DEATH DATE are required. Do not leave the
DEATH DATE (or date of dissolution of a corporate body) blank
for living persons or extant corporate bodies, or consequently
these records will not be available for retrieval by date
spans. Use estimated 100- or 120-year life spans for people,
and 9999 for the DEATH DATE/year of dissolution for
corporate bodies (e.g., for the DISPLAY BIOGRAPHY: Sri
Lankan architect, born 1921, BIRTH DATE: 1921,
DEATH DATE: 2021; for DISPLAY BIOGRAPHY: American
art museum, founded 1923, BIRTH DATE: 1923, DEATH
DATE: 9999).
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled format: Date information must be
formatted consistently to allow retrieval. Local rules should
be in place. Suggested formats are available in the ISO Standard
and W3 XML Schema Part 2.
ISO 8601:2004 Representation of dates and times. International
Organization for Standardization. Data Elements and Interchange
Formats. Information Interchange. Representation of Dates
and Times. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization
for Standardization, 2004.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, 2001. www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
28.6. Birth Place
DEFINITION
The geographic place where the person was born, or the location
where the corporate body was established. For the headquarters
or permanent location of the corporate body, use Event = location.
EXAMPLES
East Knoyle (Wiltshire, England)
Siena (Tuscany, Italy)
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the noun form of the place
name indicating where a person was born or the corporate body
was established. Use this subcategory for corporate bodies
only if the place of dissolution differs from the place that
was the permanent headquarters of the corporate body. For
the headquarters or permanent location of the corporate body,
record it in EVENT, using the value location
Form and syntax
For guidelines regarding the format and syntax of geographic
place names, see the PLACE/LOCATION AUTHORITY
Record the location to the most specific level known (or
appropriate). Generally, it is appropriate to note the city
and nation. A neighborhood of a big city may be used instead,
if appropriate.
However, it is often difficult to pinpoint the precise location
where a person was born or died, and a more general area may
be recorded (e.g., the name of the region, Tuscany,
could be used rather than the name of a specific city). For
example, John Singer Sargent was born in Florence (e.g.,
Florence (Tuscany, Italy). [9]
); for Rogier van der Weyden, the place of birth is known
with less specificity and less certainty (e.g., based on his
name it may be supposed that he was born in a region of Flanders
[10] ). If you know only the nation,
there is no need to record it here unless it differs from
the nation referred to in NATIONALITY/CULTURE/RACE.
In order to avoid anachronisms, although you must record
the name of the modern city here (e.g., Bodrum (Mugla province,
Turkey)), make a reference to the historical name in the
DISPLAY BIOGRAPHY or DESCRIPTIVE NOTE (DESCRIPTIVE NOTE: He
was born in Halicarnassus, Caria, Asia Minor (now Bodrum,
Turkey)).
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Authority: Control this subcategory with the
PLACE/LOCATION AUTHORITY as necessary. Populate the authorities
with terminology from the TGN, NGA and USGS, Canadiana Authorities,
and LC Name Authorities.
28.7. Death Place
DEFINITION
The geographic place where the person died, or the location
where the corporate body last existed or was headquartered.
For the headquarters or permanent location of the corporate
body, use Event = location.
EXAMPLES
Columbus (Indiana, United States)
San Gimignano (Tuscany, Italy)
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record the noun form of the place
name indicating where a person was born or the corporate body
was dissolved. Use this subcategory for corporate bodies only
if the place of establishment differs from the place that
was the permanent headquarters of the corporate body. For
the headquarters or permanent location of the corporate body,
record it in EVENT, using the value location.
Form and syntax
For guidelines regarding the format and syntax of geographic
place names, see the PLACE/LOCATION AUTHORITY
Record the location to the most specific level known (or
appropriate). See the rules under BIRTH PLACE above.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Authority: Control this subcategory with the
PLACE/LOCATION AUTHORITY as necessary. Populate the authorities
with terminology from the TGN, NGA and USGS, Canadiana Authorities,
and LC Name Authorities.
28.8. Person Nationality/Culture/Race
DEFINITION
The national, geopolitical, cultural, or ethnic origins or
affiliation of the person or corporate body.
EXAMPLES
English
Sienese
Berber
African American
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Required: Record a term referring to the national,
geopolitical, cultural, or ethnic origins or affiliation of
the person or corporate body. This element does not refer
only to nationality in a modern, legal sense.
Form and syntax
Record the adjectival name form of a nation, place name, culture,
or ethnic group.
Record a designation at the level of nation (e.g., Italian)
or a broad culture (e.g., Native American). If known,
for broad culture, also include a more specific designation
(e.g., Sioux or Lakota in addition to Native
American; Florentine in addition to Italian).
Include a historical nationality when warranted (e.g., for
a 14th-century artist from Brussels, it is common practice
in the discipline of Medieval art history to list the nationality
as Flemish rather than Belgian, because Belgium
was not a nation until the 19th century). If appropriate for
a specific discipline, include a more specific designation
in addition to the modern nation (e.g., both Sienese
and Italian, for a 14th-century artist).
If the person was active in two nations, or if the nationality
is uncertain and two nationalities are possible, include both
(e.g., for the DISPLAY BIOGRAPHY: Chinese architect, 1898-1967,
naturalized American, NATIONALITY: Chinese | American,
or DISPLAY BIOGRAPHY: Dutch or German printmaker, 16th
century, NATIONALITY: Dutch | German).
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list or authority: Use the GENERIC
CONCEPT AUTHORITY or a controlled list of terms. Published
sources of terminology include the Union List of Artist
Names: Editorial Guidelines: Chapter 4.7, Appendix G: Nationalities
and Places; terms in this source are derived from the
AAT and the TGN.
28.8.1. Preference
DEFINITION
An indication of whether the Nationality/Culture/Race is
preferred or non preferred for this person or corporate body.
EXAMPLES
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record an indication of which nationality
is preferred for this person or corporate body. Use lower
case. This is the default nationality that will appear in
concatenated displays and lists.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Use the terms preferred, non preferred,
and others as necessary.
28.8.2. Nationality/Culture/Race
Type
DEFINITION
A more specific indication of the type of values recorded
in Nationality/Culture/Race.
EXAMPLES
nationality/citizenship
culture
race/ethnicity
DISCUSSION and GUIDELINES
Optional: Record a term indicating what specific
kind of NATIONALITY/CULTURE/RACE term is recorded. Use lower
case.
TERMINOLOGY/FORMAT
Controlled list: Use terms in the Examples
above, and others as required.
28.9. Gender
DEFINITION
The sex of the individual; generally not applicable to corporate
bodies.
EXAMPLES
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