ID: 700001260 Page link: http://vocab.getty.edu/page/cona/700001260	Record Type: Movable Work
Images: 1 2 3

Horses of San Marco (sculpture (visual works); unknown Roman, perhaps commissioned by the Emperor Septimus ...; 300 BCE/400 CE, more probably ...; San Marco (Venice, Venezia province, Veneto, Italy))

Note: A group of four horses originally yoked to a quadriga (four-horse chariot), which the Venetians looted in 1204 from the Hippodrome in Constantinople and erected ca. 1265 on the façade of the basilica. The date of horses is debated, some time between 300 BCE and 400 CE; however, the early date and attribution to the Greek Lysippos is generally rejected today. The horses became widely known through the dissemination of small-scale bronze copies made during the early Renaissance; the influence they exerted in Venice and Padua, as significant as that of the Marcus Aurelius in Rome, is to be seen in the earliest surviving equestrian monuments in these cities, the work of the early Renaissance masters Donatello (1386/7-1466) and Andrew del Verrocchio (1435-1488). They remained on San Marco until looted by Napoleon in 1797; returned in 1815. The original sculptures are now in the interior of San Marco for protection against the elements and pollution, with replicas in their position outdoors.

Titles:

Horses of San Marco (preferred,C,U,LC,DE,English-P,U,U)

Horses of S. Marco (C,U,English,U,U)

Horses of St. Mark (C,U,English,U,U)

Horses of St Mark’s (C,U,English,U,U)

Triumphal Quadriga (C,U,English,U,U)

Cavalli di San Marco (C,U,Italian-P,U,U)

Chevaux de Saint-Marc (C,U,French-P,U,U)

Pferde von San Marco (C,U,German,U,U)

S. Marco’s horses (C,U,English,U,U)

San Marco’s horse (C,U,English,U,U)

Four horses of San Marco (C,U,English,U,U)

Catalog Level: item

Work Types:

sculpture (visual works) [300047090] (preferred)

..... (Objects Facet, Visual and Verbal Communication (hierarchy name), Visual Works (hierarchy name), visual works (works), <visual works by material or technique>)

Classifications:

sculptures (preferred)

Creation Date: 300 BCE/400 CE, more probably near the later date

Creator Display:

unknown Roman, perhaps commissioned by the Emperor Septimus Severus; formerly attributed to Lysippos [preferred,VP]

artist Lysippos (Greek sculptor, active ca. 370-ca. 300 BCE) Qualifier: formerly attributed to [500012332]

patron Septimius Severus, Emperor of Rome (Roman emperor, 146-211 CE) Qualifier: possibly by [500115702]

unknown Ancient Roman (Ancient Roman cultural designation) [500202843]

Locations:

Current: San Marco (Venice, Venezia province, Veneto, Italy) [500312356] Corporate Bodies (Corp. Body)

Display Materials: gilded bronze, with bronze having very high percentage of copper

	bronze (metal) [300010957]
	.......(Materials Facet, Materials (hierarchy name), materials (substances), <materials by composition>, inorganic material, metal, <metal by composition or origin>, nonferrous metal, <copper and copper alloy>, copper alloy)

	gilding (material) [300379350]
	.......(Materials Facet, Materials (hierarchy name), materials (substances), <materials by composition>, inorganic material, metal, <metal by form>)

Dimensions: slightly over life-size, 171 cm at withers

Cultures:

Ancient Roman (preferred)

General Subject:

animals (preferred)

Specific Subjects:

	horses (species) [300250148]
	.....(Agents Facet, Living Organisms (hierarchy name), living organisms (entities), Eukaryota (domain), Animalia (kingdom), Chordata (phylum), Vertebrata (subphylum), Mammalia (class), Perissodactyla (order), Equidae (family), Equus (genus)) (AAT)

	quadriga [300239253]
	.....(Objects Facet, Furnishings and Equipment (hierarchy name), Transportation Vehicles (hierarchy name), vehicles (transportation), land vehicles, <land vehicles by form>, freewheeled vehicles, <freewheeled vehicles by form or function>, chariots (ancient vehicles)) (AAT)

Related Works:

	architectural context is .... Hippodrome of Constantinople [700009244] until 1204
	..........hippodrome (Greek sports building); unknown ancient Roman, under Septimius Severus; completed by...; 203-330 CE; Istanbul (İstanbul, Türkiye, Asia, World, Top of the T...;

	architectural context is .... Basilica di San Marco [700001124] after 1265
	..........church (building); new building begun by Doge Domenico Contarini (Venetian doge...; first building completed ca. 8...; Venice (Venezia, Veneto, Italia, Europe, World, Top of the T...

List/Hierarchical Position:

..... Movable Works

.......... Movable Works by class: carvings and sculptures

Sources and Contributors:
Horses of San Marco	........ [VP]
	........ Grove Art Online (2008-) in "Bosio, François-Joseph"
	........ Jacoff, Horses of San Marco & the Quadriga of the Lord (1993) title
	........ Metropolitan Museum of Art, Horses of San Marco: Exhibition (1980)
	........ Library of Congress Authorities online (2002-) n 99250555
Horses of S. Marco	........ [VP]
	........ Grove Art Online (2008-) in "Equestrian monument"
Horses of St. Mark	........ [VP]
	........ Freeman, Horses of St. Mark's: A Story of Triumph (2010)
Horses of St Mark’s	........ [VP]
	........ Library of Congress Authorities online (2002-)
Triumphal Quadriga	........ [VP]
	........ Metropolitan Museum of Art, Horses of San Marco: Exhibition (1980)
Cavalli di San Marco	........ [VP]
	........ Library of Congress Authorities online (2002-)
	........ Metropolitan Museum of Art, Horses of San Marco: Exhibition (1980)
Chevaux de Saint-Marc	........ [VP]
	........ Library of Congress Authorities online (2002-)
Pferde von San Marco	........ [VP]
	........ Library of Congress Authorities online (2002-)
S. Marco’s horses	........ [VP]
	........ Library of Congress Authorities online (2002-)
San Marco’s horse	........ [VP]
	........ Library of Congress Authorities online (2002-)
Four horses of San Marco	........ [VP]
	........ Library of Congress Authorities online (2002-)

Subject: ....... [VP]

Note:
English	..... [VP]
	..... Grove Art Online (2008-) Avery, Charles, in "Equestrian monument"
	..... Jacoff, Horses of San Marco & the Quadriga of the Lord (1993)
	..... Freeman, Horses of St. Mark's: A Story of Triumph (2010)