ID: 700000100 Page link: http://vocab.getty.edu/page/cona/700000100	Record Type: Built Work
Images: 1 2

Leaning Tower of Pisa (campanile; architect and engineer: begun by Bonanno Pisano (Italian, ac...; tower was begun in 1173 and co...)

Note: Vasari reports that the tower was begun by Bonanno Pisano, but modern research indicates the plan may have been by Gherardo di Gherardo. The uneven settling of the campanile's foundations during its construction caused the tower to lean. Work was continued by Giovanni Pisano and Giovanni di Simone in 1275, with the addition of another three floors in a direction that bent opposite to the inclination to compensate for the flaw; but the added weight caused the tower to lean even more. According to Vasari, Tommaso di Andrea Pisano completed the belfry between 1350 and 1372. Modern efforts are underway to prevent the further leaning and ultimate collapse of the tower.

Titles:

Leaning Tower of Pisa (preferred,C,U,English-P,U,U)

Campanile (C,U,undetermined,U,U)

Torre Pendente (C,U,undetermined,U,U)

Catalog Level: component

Work Types:

campanile [300132457] (preferred)

..... (Objects Facet, Built Environment (hierarchy name), Single Built Works (hierarchy name), single built works (built environment), <single built works by specific type>, <single built works by form>, <single built works by form: massing or shape>, towers (single built works), bell towers)

Classifications:

architecture (preferred)

European art

Creation Date: tower was begun in 1173 and completed in the 14th century

Creator Display:

architect and engineer: begun by Bonanno Pisano (Italian, active late 12th century) or Gherardo di Gherardo (Italian, active late 12th century); continued by Giovanni Pisano (Italian, born ca. 1240, died before 1320) and Giovanni di Simone (Italian, active ca. 1260?ca. 1286); finished by Tommaso Pisano (Italian, died after 1372) [preferred,VP]

architect Bonanno Pisano (Italian sculptor and architect, active late 12th century) Extent: decoration [500010231]

architect Gherardo di Gherardo (Italian architect, active late 12th century) [500119674]

architect Pisano, Giovanni (Italian architect and sculptor, born ca. 1240, died before 1320) [500017740]

architect Giovanni di Simone (Italian architect, died 1284) [500019563]

architect Tommaso Pisano (Italian sculptor and architect, died after 1372) [500115148]

Locations:

Pisa [7006082] Pisa province (province), Tuscany (region (administrative division)), Italy (nation), Europe (continent), World (facet) (Geographic)

Piazza dei Miracoli [7059154] Pisa (inhabited place), Pisa province (province), Tuscany (region (administrative division)), Italy (nation), Europe (continent), World (facet) (Geographic)

Display Materials: bearing masonry, cut stone construction, round plan, white marble inlaid on the exterior with colored marble

	masonry (building materials) [300015332]
	.......(Materials Facet, Materials (hierarchy name), materials (substances), <materials by function>, building materials, <masonry and masonry units>)

	marble (rock) [300011443]
	.......(Materials Facet, Materials (hierarchy name), materials (substances), <materials by composition>, inorganic material, rock (inorganic material), metamorphic rock)

	bearing walls [300002557]
	.......(Objects Facet, Components (hierarchy name), components (objects parts), <components by specific context>, architectural elements, <structural elements and components for structural elements>, structural elements, enclosing structural elements, <walls and wall components>, walls, <walls by function>)

	dimension stone [300070045]
	.......(Materials Facet, Materials (hierarchy name), materials (substances), <materials by composition>, inorganic material, rock (inorganic material), <rock by form>, stone (worked rock), <stone by function>, building stone)

	inlay (process) [300053850]
	.......(Activities Facet, Processes and Techniques (hierarchy name), <processes and techniques by specific type>, <additive and joining processes and techniques>, <surface covering processes and techniques>)

Dimensions: 8 stories, 56 m (height) (185 feet), inclination is about 4.9 m (16 feet) off the perpendicular

Cultures:

European (preferred)

Style/Period/Group/Movement:

	Romanesque [300020768] (preferred,N/A)
	.....(Styles and Periods Facet, Styles and Periods (hierarchy name), <styles| periods| and cultures by region>, European, Medieval styles and periods, Medieval (European))

General Subject:

architecture (preferred)

religion and mythology

Specific Subjects:

	bell tower [300004848]
	.....(Objects Facet, Built Environment (hierarchy name), Single Built Works (hierarchy name), single built works (built environment), <single built works by specific type>, <single built works by form>, <single built works by form: massing or shape>, towers (single built works)) (AAT)

List/Hierarchical Position:

..... Built Works

.......... Built Works by class: religious, ceremonial, and funerary structures

............... Piazza dei Miracoli complex

Sources and Contributors:
Leaning Tower of Pisa	........ [VP]
	........ CDWA online (1995-) accessed 2 November 2010
Campanile	........ [VP]
	........ CDWA online (1995-) accessed 2 November 2010
Torre Pendente	........ [VP]
	........ CDWA online (1995-) accessed 2 November 2010

Subject: ....... [VP]

....................... Great Buildings Online (1997-)

....................... TCI: Toscana (1984)

Note:
English	..... [VP]
	..... Vasari, Vite de' piuù eccellenti pittori (1807-1811)
	..... Soprintendenza ai Beni Ambientali Architettonici Artistici e Storici (2010) accessed 4 February 2004
	..... Toscane: Pise-Florence-Sienne (1984) 117ff